BEHIND THE SCENES : essay african coalition party

FORCE FOR AFRICA We are ambitious adapting International Trade Institutions to New Realities. International trade institutions should be reformed with a focus on increasing public support for the rules-orientated system. This global working paper is a new feature of Force for Africa (FFA), a new initiative of the Trade international Relations affairs. Targeting critical global problems where new, creative thinking is needed, the working papers identify new principles, rules, or institutional arrangements that can improve international cooperation in addressing long-standing or emerging global problems.

The Collective Force for Africa – we are pioneering in a set of collective, investments, philantrophie and microfinance practices principles that benchmark and guide how African individuals, companies and programs can transform and integrate new ways of economical development for African individuals. The Initiative is a big challenge but we feel that it is now or never. We have to think bold to achieve impact.

The Challenge

The institutional order governing world trade is going through a critical period. Debate over its future form and design will be a dominant theme on the global agenda for the coming years. The Donald J. Trump administration has questioned the benefits of the multilateral trading order and is pulling the United States back from its traditional leadership role. In December 2017, the Eleventh Ministerial Conference (MC11) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ended in disappointment with no substantive multilateral achievements. The shift in economic power from the West to the East and the growth of nonstate actors further complicate the search for consensus on international trade rules, leading to a so-called multiplex world. In a multiplex world, actors with different cultural values and relative power inequalities—such as nation-states, international and regional institutions, corporations, and nongovernmental organizations—compete against each other. To ensure a resilient trading system, multilateral trading rules and institutions need to be adapted to these new realities of trade, investment, and the distribution of global power.

Unlike the international system as it functioned after World War II, today’s trading system does not reflect the interests of a single power or an alliance of powers with sufficient clout to impose their will on others in a sustained way. This is not a Group of Twenty (G20) or Group of Seven–led world: it is a G-Zero world, with no established lineup of who should be invited to the table where decisions are made. In this vacuum of global leadership it is increasingly difficult to identify who will create the new rules of international competition. Actors pursue their own self-interest, which results in less certainty for the international trade system.

A Growing Opposition to Global Trade

The most recent multilateral forums and summits—including the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg and the 2017 MC11 in Buenos Aires—have been held against the backdrop of senior U.S. officials questioning the rules-based multilateral trading system, namely the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO. Such questioning is based on changes in U.S. politics, the growing public skepticism of globalization and free trade, and the realization that the current multilateral system was created under different global economic realities and that many of its mechanisms and rules are obsolete.

However, it is not only the Trump administration that has expressed dissatisfaction with the multilateral trading system. Objections to some multilateral trade rules have existed since their inception, coming mainly from developing countries. The link between trade and development was at the heart of many Latin American countries’ arguments against the GATT and later the WTO. They often demanded more favorable rules for countries in the early stages of industrial development and more flexible nondiscrimination policies to facilitate preferential agreements aimed at promoting economic development. Many developing countries also opposed the elitist vision of negotiating mechanisms reflected in the so-called quadrilateral of great powers (the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European Union) and the lack of transparency of some of its procedures.

A Growing Opposition to Global Trade

FORCE FOR AFRICA CONNECTING AFRICAN BUSINESS

PAN AFRICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

The Pan African Chamber of Commerce is a confederation of African chambers of commerce and industries, business networks and professional associations.

The Chamber will foster a vibrant and interconnected business community where collaboration increases capacity; education enhances ability and advocacy influences authority.

MISSION STATEMENT

The Pan African Chamber of Commerce is dedicated to improving the economic environment of the African continent through enhancing the opportunities of businesses, fostering a spirit of entrepreneurship while advocating for business friendly policy making.

We Foster the development of a flourishing entrepreneurial culture and a competitive SME sector to support Africa’s economic development goals.

VISION

To be a catalyst in transforming the African business landscape through Innovation, Creativity and entrepreneurship (ICE)

We work with Governments,CEOs,Entrepreneurs and Civil Society to ignite a socio-economic and cultural transformation in Africa

STRATEGIC INITIATIVES BUSINESS AGAINST CORRUPTION

Corruption is now recognized to be one of the world’s greatest challenges. It is a major hindrance to sustainable development, with a disproportionate impact on poor communities and is corrosive on the very fabric of society.

The impact on the private sector is also considerable it impedes economic growth, distorts competition and represents serious legal and reputational risks. Corruption is also very costly for business, with the extra financial burden estimated to add 10% or more to the costs of doing business in many parts of the world. The World Bank has stated that “bribery has become a $1 trillion industry.

Through the Business Against Corruption ,the Pan African Chamber of Commerce seeks to build and facilitate partnerships between business, government and civil society to create an environment that is attractive to investors in both the short- and long-term by addressing the challenges posed by corruption.

PACC will achieve this in a number of ways: It provides regular in-country forums for leaders and senior executives from business to exchange best practices on improving corporate governance and reducing corruption within their own companies and in the markets in which they operate; it informs the broader business community, government and civil society of the economic and social benefits of the best international business standards; it brings together companies in specific industries and markets in collective action approaches to promote responsible business practices; and it encourages and inspires the new generation of students and young business leaders to adopt the best standards of business ethics through educational materials and mentoring.

DOING BUSINESS IN AFRICA

Africa is full of promise. Boasting seven out of the ten fastest growing economies of the world over the past decade, it has one of the largest populations of working age people, vast untapped natural resource wealth potential and an increasingly stable community of democratic governments that are eager to trade and welcome international investment

Through doing business in Africa, the Pan African Chamber of Commerce gives companies from around the globe the opportunity to gain insight on how to enter or expand across the continent

CONSULTING SERVICES

Our consulting services are administered by the most experienced and successful business owners,entrepreneurs,investors,managers,local and continental experts,advisors and more

We offer the following services:
Workshops and training on doing business in Africa
Provision of industry/country guides
Support for trade delegations and trade fairs
Technical assistance and advocacy with host government
Promotion of country brand

MARKET ANALYSIS AND ENTRY

Information and analysis relevant to establishing business activities across Africa including strategic strengths ,investment incentives,business costs and relocation
Consultation and advisory services on effective market entry strategies in Africa along with opportunity analysis

BUSINESS MATCHING

Facilitating contacts and networks with potential partners, public authorities, international funders and research institutions, along with practical assistance in setting up distribution and partnerships across Africa

LEGAL SERVICES

Legal services are established together with reputable legal agencies in Africa to protect our members along with services needed to setting up commercial operations from Cape to Cairo

CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT

Short practical courses (Cash-flow Management, How to bid and Prepare tender documents, Export Preparation)

Market and Export – With Export Development Council (EDC) to inform of new markets & regulatory issues of imports and New Exporters’ Programme)

Intellectual Property Management Training for SMEs

Corporate Governance for SMEs (in the pipeline)

Information on key growth sectors in Africa

Obtaining business permits

Analysing market trends

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

We envision a strong working relationship between the Pan African Chamber of Commerce, local businesses, all levels of government

Microfinance in Africa Banking for the SmalleSt BuSineSSeS

“Improved financial services are needed most in Africa’s poorest economies and countries emerging from conflict. Microfinance is a critical tool in the fight against poverty and an important part of IFC’s effort to support the development of a vibrant private sector in the region.”

The Case for Microfinance in Africa

Over three billion people in developing countries are still without effective access
to loan and deposit services. The problem is particularly acute in Sub-Saharan Africa, where only between five and twenty-five percent of households have a formal relationship with a financial institution. The region is also home to just two percent of the world’s microfinance institutions.

Lack of access to financial services is therefore one of the largest constraints to private sector development in Africa. Addressing this shortfall requires creating new institutions and building operational and managerial capacity from the ground up.

Building Viable Institutuions

IFC’s Microfinance Program for Africa aims to increase the number of commercially viable microfinance institutions and broaden access to financial services so that the region’s smallest businesses can access the financial services they need to thrive.

Working with development partners, IFC aims to establish 15 new microfinance institutions by 2011, reaching approximately 400,000 new borrowers. The program focuses on countries affected by conflict and where the private sector is at the very early stages of development.

IFC helps establish new institutions and develop their capacity through:

Equity investments
Debt instruments
Credit guarantees
Fund structuring
Advisory services

IFC also considers other options to promote microfinance on a case by case basis. These include working with commercial banks that want to move into microfinance and supporting local non-profit organizations that want to transform into licensed financial institutions.

Partering To Create Opportunities

IFC’s microfinance team works with partners that have considerable experience establishing new microfinance institutions in developing economies, including:

ProCredit Holdings
Advans SA SICAR
Access Microfinance Holding AG
MicroCred Holding
Accion International

IFC, in addition, has a strategic arrangement with the German development bank KfW to mobilize over $100 million to support the creation of new microfinance institutions across Sub-Saharan Africa.

A critical innovation

Incomes in poor households are typically not only low, but also irregular. Poor people need to be able to smooth consumption flows or finance larger expenditures, but they generally lack access to banks and other formal facilities. Traditional financial institutions generally shy away from this market, either because they are unaware of it or because they deem it unprofitable.

Poor households and individuals, for their part, have difficulty proving their creditworthiness because they lack clearly defined property titles and other assets acceptable as collateral. Their only alternatives are to seek loans from informal moneylenders or to draw on savings, options that are costly and risky.

The Grameen Bank, founded by Mr. Yunus in 1976, lent small amounts of money to villagers organized in voluntary groups. The critical innovation that allowed it to overcome the lack of collateral and grow rapidly was the "joint-liability condition." The members of such groups committed themselves to support any member struggling to repay a loan, to avoid all members losing access to future loans from the bank. The scheme built on the close social bonds within communities. It set incentives for those involved to choose new group members carefully and to monitor and support each other, relying on peer pressure to ensure timely loan repayment.

Since then Mr. Yunus's idea has spread all over the world, and has been expanded to cover a much broader range of financial services for the poor. Microfinance — rather than just microcredit — includes savings and even insurance services for poor households. By the end of 2007 more than 150 million clients worldwide had used the services of microcredit institutions. More than 100 million of them were among the poorest in their societies.

Controversy

With rapid growth comes closer scrutiny. Yet it has proven difficult to measure the actual impact of micro-finance on poverty. Proponents often rely on case studies and anecdotes. This has prompted leading scholars to conclude that "strikingly, 30 years into the microfinance movement we have little solid evidence that it improves the lives of clients in measurable ways."*

Recent and well-publicized cases of over-indebted households and interest rates approaching those charged by loan sharks have contributed to a more critical view of microfinance — and of microcredit in particular.

There is also a more fundamental critique. Some argue that channelling scarce resources into unproductive micro-enterprises in the informal sector may actually be detrimental to sustainable development and industrialization. This is because tiny businesses contribute little to building an economy's productive capacities, or to its structural transformation.

Potential in Africa

A recent study by the UN Office of the Special Adviser on Africa suggests that now is a good time to reassess the role of microfinance in Africa's development.** Drawing from experience elsewhere, it seems clear that micro-finance is not a magic bullet. On its own it cannot fundamentally transform African economies held back by many structural constraints. Yet providing a whole range of financial services to the poor — including credit for small and micro-enterprises, savings facilities, insurance, pensions, and payment and transfer facilities — is clearly desirable and can contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

Africa has seen an increase in such services in recent years. Microfinance institutions offer a variety of products. Where such institutions do not reach, traditional and informal providers — such as the tontines in Cameroon, the susus in Ghana and the banquiers ambulants in Benin — continue to serve the poor. Their informality limits their potential to expand their activities, however, and they often charge high rates.

The spread of mobile phones in particular has transformed the sector, extending it to previously unbanked areas in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Senegal and elsewhere. Most famously, Kenya has seen the world's most rapid growth in the use of "mobile money." Launched in 2007, the service known as M-Pesa by the end of 2010 had more than 13 million customers able to use their mobile phones to make payments and transfer money. Customers can now earn moderate interest on mobile bank accounts. Farmers can insure their crops against adverse weather conditions, with payouts made directly to their mobile accounts if weather conditions indicate crop failure.

Policies and support

Still, microfinance institutions in Africa lack the capacity to match the needs of the poor. They suffer from structural weaknesses. The support services for them are of uneven quality, if they exist at all. And supervisory and coordinating bodies often have only limited resources.

African governments, in cooperation with external development partners, could therefore play a fundamental role in consolidating and sustaining the microfinance sector by providing appropriate policies and regulatory and legal frameworks. They can also protect the poor and build confidence by establishing refinancing institutions and deposit insurance schemes.

It is unreasonable to expect microfinance to fundamentally transform African economies. And it cannot replace progressive social and economic policies for structural transformation, poverty reduction and job creation. But in light of the continent's persistent poverty, it can play an essential part for the foreseeable future in providing basic financial services to the poor, and thereby help advance Africa's development goals.

ES^SE . Essay Africa

Though the relationship between a patriot and a scoundrel appears provocative yet in modern times it appears convincing. It is true that many wicked people try to conceal their wickedness under the cloak of patriotism. Love and service are usually regarded as very noble sentiments and those, who enter public life, are normally looked upon with respect and admiration. The first reaction of the people for a politician today is not that he is inspired by any spirit of sacrifice and service.

It is taken for granted that man is fired by selfish motives and is an undesirable person. He is a careerist and an opportunist; ever intent on grinding his own axe and feathering his own nest. The plea of public help only a hoax is amply proved by our floor crossing politicians today.

To hold that scoundrel can successfully pose as a patriot and continue to deceive his countrymen is to presume a very low opinion of the intelligence of the common people. One should not forget the rule that nobody can be fool all persons for A times. The common man in Africa today may not be conversant with the complex problems of government but he has developed political consciousness, a sort of sixth sense to know the crook from the person who has his heart in the right place. It does not take them now more time to discover the wolf behind the tiger's skin. The people today know what is on the whole conducive to their own welfare and what is not. They may be deceived by the election promises, but the hypocrisy of an imposter does not work on indefinitely.

The fact is that democracy cannot work unless the people are able to see for themselves what is good or bad for them; otherwise democracy degenerates into dictatorship and the people are reduced to the status of dumb-driven cattle. In democracy, the electorate has to be enlightened individuals, critical of the activities of the government; otherwise it does not function effectively.

Though the enlightenment and political awareness among the masses has come yet the condition has not greatly improved. Public and political life has changed, not improved. It is no longer the monopoly of a party or a few individuals. It is now a broad based affair in which the lowest and the poorest can play their part. Nevertheless the notion that a certain measure of cunning is inseparable from the life of a public man still remains deep-seated in the mind of the people.

Such a view is not altogether without some foundation of truth. A candidate seeking election has to woe his constituency and in doing so he has use all his resources of intelligence and tact. Thus he has to be a man of intelligence above the average, and to possess the art of handling and winning people. Thus, what we call tact ma; appear cunning in an uncharitable context.

It is also true that there is both scope and temptation in public life. Elections are not always a clean affair. Contesting candidates are prone to take recourse to unfair and objectionable means to secure votes. Misrepresentation of facts undignified criticism of opponents, false promises monetary temptations, intimidation and a new political Party for Economic Development and Solidarity ever actual violence are not uncommon features. Such malpractices make a patriot appear a scoundrel.

However, it is wrong on the part of man to lose faith in the innate goodness of man and human institution. History tells us of innumerable people who genuinely loved their country and cheerful made the highest sacrifice for its sake. The list o patriots and martyrs in every country are long and memorable.

We cannot doubt the patriotic fervor of men like RanaPratap, LokmanyaTilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri. These people we certainly not scoundrels who took refuge, und the cloak of patriotism. Such men may be point out as illustrious exceptions yet it does not pro the thesis that public men are always bad. Fai and trust alone make public life possible, otherwise the entire existence of man would come to a standstill.

ESSAY.R.D.C NEW AFRICAN PARTY. for Economic and Development for Africans .

How to Create a Political Party

Starting a political party is a major undertaking, and you’ll need lots of support. Figure out your party’s platform at the early stages, then work to get that message out there through events, social media, and word of mouth. When you have enough members, you can set up the organizational structure of your party. If you meet eligibility requirements, like having enough signatures of support and showing proof that you are organized and active as a party, you can officially register with the electoral commission in your area. Then, your party can really get going by fully taking part in elections and political life.

Part 1
Organizing Your Supporters

1
Hold meetings to generate interest in forming a party. At every stage of creating and maintaining a political party, you’ll need lots of enthusiastic involvement. Let others know that you are interested in starting a new party, and ask them to get involved.^[1]
- You could try starting out by holding a meeting with people you already know in a community center or even at your home. If there’s interest in creating a new party, tell them to spread the word to people they know. Hold a second, larger meeting inviting these people, too.
- Ensure attendance at all meetings. When officially filing your party, you’ll typically need to prove that you’ve been holding meetings.
- It’s never too early to start soliciting donations. At the early stages, you can start a crowdfunding campaign. Later, you can have your financial team set up a more formal donation process.
2

Rally around potential candidates. You might want to start a political party to draw attention to a great candidate for office, and to help them get elected. If you have a charismatic candidate you would like to promote, ask them to attend your meetings. They can give speeches, take promotional photos, greet constituents, and generally increase the buzz about the formation of your new party.
3
Write a platform describing your party’s basic principles. You can start by having discussions at your meetings about what your party wants to emphasize. Generate a list of your principles, and designate a member or a committee to draw these up. Share them with the whole group, make any necessary changes, and vote to officially adopt the platform. Address things like:
- What aspects of political, social, or economic life would your party like to improve?
- What would your party want to accomplish if elected to office?
- What sets your party apart from others?
- Why would voters want to support your party’s candidates?
4
Establish rules and regulations for your party. A political party is a complex organization, and hopefully one that will grow over time. To keep things manageable, you’ll need to establish another committee to write bylaws. When they’re drafted, share them with everyone before voting to approve them. You’ll often also need to share these when officially filing. Bylaws will discuss things like:^[2]
- Who is the party’s leadership? How will they be elected?
- What committees will be formed?
- How do members vote on important issues?
- How will candidates be chosen?
- How will disagreements be handled?
- When will meetings be held, and what form will they take?
5
Work out the financial aspects. It takes money to organize a political party and promote candidates for elections. Your party will need rules for how money will come in, who will oversee it, and how it will be used. When officially filing your party, you will probably need to provide a statement of your financial scheme and an explanation of your accounting, so it’s a good idea to write these early. Consider:^[3]
- How will donations be generated?
- What account or accounts will money be held in?
- Which committee will be in charge of finances?
- Who will provide your accounting services?
- What guidelines do you want to set for things like how money can be spent on election campaigns?
- What procedures will you have for ensuring financial transparency?
- How will you handle any financial disagreements or investigations?

Part 2
Creating the Party's Brand

1
Give your party a distinctive name. A political party will be known everywhere by its name, so give this some thought. You’ll need to select a name that isn’t already taken by another party, and isn’t so similar to another one that the public will get confused.^[4]
- Check with your local electoral commission for a list of currently registered political parties.
- Select a name that captures your party’s core values.
- Try to keep the name short -- no more than a couple of words. That way, it will be memorable and easily identifiable.
2
Create a logo identifying your party. Logos are used everywhere to advertise and identify political parties. They’re typically also required when officially registering a party. Choose one that’s not too complex, but is distinctive.^[5]
- For example, if your party emphasizes conservative principles, you could select a logo that contains a traditional symbol of your area.
- If you want to brand your party as an innovator, consider a logo that depicts a modern, contemporary symbol while using traditional colors.
3
Establish a website with your own domain. It’s vital for a political party to have a website that the public can visit for more information. Purchase a domain name that is closely related to your party’s name. Put the website’s address on promotional materials, and distribute these at meetings. Your website’s content could include things like:
- A copy of your party’s manifesto and core beliefs.
- Biographies and statements from party leaders.
- Information about upcoming events and elections.
- Pages for any candidates that are running in elections.
- A link for information on how to donate.

Utilize social media to promote your party. Get the word out about any events that are hosted by your political party. You can also create and share promotional videos and images to let the public know what your party is all about. Make sure to post regularly -- you can also share news content and other materials that are relevant to your party’s interests.

Social media services are vital to generating and maintaining interest in your party. Get out there on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, and any other major social media sites.
Designate a social media team to oversee this aspect of your party’s activities..

Nature of words.

"The first portion of this paper describes a behavioral conception of the sign-process as developed from a general mediation theory of learning. The remainder is concerned with the problem of measuring meaning… . The development of a semantic differential as a general method of measuring meaning is described. It involves (a) the use of factor analysis to determine the number and nature of factors entering into semantic description and judgment, and (b) the selection of a set of specific scales corresponding to these factors.

ESSAY Democracy Party

Democray is a strong political movement and many people support their views. The Democratic Party has many basic beliefs. They believe in creating long-term economic growth, stability in Social Security, a Patient's Bill of Rights, and equality for women. A long term of economic growth is one main belief of the Democratic Party. They want to cut taxes for lower and middle class citizens to stimulate economic growth and create more job opportunities. Another basic belief of the Democratic Party is security and stability of Social Security. Democrats work to maintain the security for senior citizens, disabled people, and survivors of family members who have died.

There would be millions pof people in poverty if they did not receive Social Security. The third main belief is a Patient's Bill of Rights. The Democratic Party wants to institute this Bill of Rights so that medical decisions are made by doctors and their patients and not the insurance companies that are paying for the health care. This has been an ongoing fight. The fourth basic belief is the equal rights for women. Democrats believe in equal pay for women, along with equal opportunity. Another big part of women's rights is the right to choose. They believe that it is the women's right to choose to take responsibility for a child or to terminate it before the child is born. disagree. All of the beliefs are essential to the Democratic Party.

Short Quiz Of African Politics

The terms imperialism, nationalism and genocide all have different meanings and they are all correlated. Imperialism and nationalism have influenced the mass murder of ethnic groups, while in some instances extinction of a group was the desired outcome. Imperialism, nationalism, and genocide are political terms that were practiced and created by governing powers. Corrupt governments and political leaders promoted imperialism and nationalism in search of overall power. Nations were united and came to believe that genocide would create a more pure race and a better style of living. These ideas were implemented by governing powers as a solution to its nation's problems and shortcomings.

Imperial governments had logical reasoning for colonizing in other regions. Benefits such as natural resources, control of land, and the profit it generated gave notice to a superior nation which promoted imperialism. Imperialism almost always resulted in death and destruction from the settling of new European colonies. King Leopold the II claimed the Congo basin of Africa as Belgian territory and assumed control of that region. He had control of the natural resources in that region and was able to generate a profit from exporting goods.

King Leopold requested that his claim for the Congo region be recognized internationally. Europe decided that his claim would stand, but that future claims had to show proof of a community and a developing economy. King Leopold reaped the benefits of his imperialistic claim of African land; other European nations decided they wanted the same opportunity to expand their territory and increase economic wealth.

By the early 1900's a large portion of Africa had been colonized by European nations that took control with force, using then modern weapons. The colonization of these regions was inhumane and resulted in unnecessary bloodshed. Many of the native Africans in these regions were killed, or lost their freedom, while the countries were stripped of their leaders.

Imperialism

Imperialism of Africa generally had some economic benefits, but it led to slavery and mistreatment of the native people of Africa. Governing powers competed with their neighbors to gain control of weaker nations at the expense of the natives.

Nationalism

Nationalism is a nation's pride in its culture, language, and history. When a nation adopts nationalism it can take a variety of forms. "It can drive a state into expansionist military conflicts in an attempt to increase the nation's power or to bring within the nation's borders national groups living outside. Nationalism can also lead to persecution or, at its extreme, genocide of ethnic minorities". (Derbyshire, web) The success of nations that had colonized African countries had brought a sense of pride to these European colonies. The economic success and expansion of property had also given these European nations a sense of superiority. It also gave nations a sense of unity and safety; belonging to a group that represented its culture.Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland. The political ideology of nationalism holds that a nation should govern themselves, free from outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-determination.

Social Patriotism

Patriotism or national pride is the ideology of love and devotion to a homeland, and a sense of alliance with other citizens who share the same values. This attachment can be a combination of many different features relating to one's own homeland, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical aspects. It encompasses a set of concepts closely related to those of nationalism. Some manifestations of patriotism emphasise the "land" element in love for one's native land and play up the symbolism of agriculture and the soil - compare Blut und Boden.

Essay modernization approach To African Fisrt Coalition Party

While the modernization approach "presented a hopeful general framework of progressive development," and the statist theory "[reassesses] the role of the state and pinpoints the effects of political frailty and mismanagement," they both fail to place fault in the correct perspective regarding the difficulty of development in African politics. This paper will aim to prove the dependency theory presents a better analysis of African politics through comparison with modernization and statist theories with regard to: the identified cause of Africa's current state of impoverishment, the challenges each theory presents to Africa's attempts at development, and critiques of each theory.

The modernization perspective on African politics states that "if African countries faltered on [development,] then surely these shortcomings could be attributed either to poor judgment or to an inability to overcome cultural impediments deeply rooted in African societies." That is, the current problems of African politics are due to poor judgment on behalf of the decision-makers. In light of this generalization, modernization theorists find that African politics will evolve into a modern, more "westernized" continent.

Using some concepts from modernization theorists, the statist approach identifies current leaders as the root of the systematic problems of African politics. It further goes on to declare that if "Africa is undergoing a process of impoverishment, then the leaders of the new states bear much of the blame for this state of affairs." The dependency approach to African politics, which presents the subject most accurately, argues that the current state of impov!.

Erishment "is a result of circumstances that have enabled others to benefit at their expense." In other words, the African states are unable to defeat poverty because of the exploitative powers of former colonialistic countries.

In almost every case, African nations are still controlled by their former colonial masters. For example, if a conflict breaks out in an African country, the European nation that controlled that country during colonialism steps in. That European country and its indigenous corporations have economic interests to protect and will place them far above the interest of the people involved in the conflict. This control is especially prevalent in the politics of the nation; corporations in Europe manipulate Africans to get or keep control over raw materials. Generally in the media, the civil warfare and its carnage are focused on, but never the people pulling the strings.

That is, those who are directly responsible for the circumstance. For example, DeBeers International Diamond Merchants has been repeatedly tied to civil wars in Angola, Sierra Leone and Congo. The large European corporation will reportedly help finance a group of fighters who will then occupy the diamond -producing region of the nation and sell the diamonds cheaply. If they do not finance the rebels originally, they buy the diamonds on the black market, which funds a civil war indirectly. Other examples of exploitative former colonial powers include the linking of Shell Oil to civil war in Nigeria, and Firestone Tire and Rubber in Liberia. Western corporations enjoy a monopoly on the national resources of most nations, and financing a war is a small price to pay to stay in control.

The situation in Africa is more complex than it is depicted in the West, and if Africans are continually put to blame, millions of people will continually die. The dependency theory in effect proposes a direct conflict with the statist approach: Admittedly there is corruption in high offices and many African leaders need to be removed from their positions. However, the point that is often overlooked is that the citizens rarely elect these officials into office.

ESSAY African Development Strategy

Development is the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.

In the case of a country, it means to have a highly developed economy and be technologically advanced. The criteria to assess a country's development is by looking at its gross domestic product, , gross national product, the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. For example, countries having a high GDP, per capita income, level of industrialization, life expectancy, education system are considered to be developed. These include Norway, United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America, France, Germany etc.

Although, in contrast to the above mentioned, the number of developing and underdeveloped countries is high in the world. According to surveys carried out there are 46 developed countries, 42 least developed countries and the rest of which are progressing towards development. The least developed countries (LDC) suffer from harsh problems such as extreme poverty and hunger. Then comes the lack of infrastructure, widespread conflicts and social and political instability. Such issues hinder the development of the country and it goes spiraling down into debt cycles, negative balance of payments, corruption, unrest and total chaos. Many factors count when the way of development is paved such as political, social, economic etc. All these are discussed collectively below in the theory explained below with several case studies listed as examples.

World System Theory.This theory was put forward by Immanual Wallerstein in his book The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. He develops a theoretical framework to show that while some countries benefit from the world economic system, the others are taken advantage of. As a basis for comparison, Wallerstein proposes three different categories core, periphery and semi-periphery.

Essay African Development Theory

Programmatic assessment of theories provides insight from different theorists on how, why, and what he or she believes are steps needed to be taken or followed to obtain specific results. Since the early 1800's, several theorists have developed theories pertaining to thinking, feeling, behavior, and learning. The following contents will summarize a few learning theories, such as classical and operant conditioning, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Researching different theories will assist the reader and therapist in understanding and implementing treatments for individuals pertaining to physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual across the life span. .

Theories.

As far back in history as one can research, individuals have displayed inquisitive behavior, which demonstrates a capacity to learn, and learn new behaviors. According to the psychology dictionary, learning is defined as the process through which one acquires new information or build on information previously learnt (Psychology Dictionary, 2013). The author of this paper believes the more one learns the information absorbed creates a stimulus creating changes in behaviors, reactions, and perspectives. Through the year's theorist have questioned and studied how behavior is formed and what affects behavior. One of the first theorists to study the process of how learning affects individuals' behaviors, and formed the school of thought known as behaviorism was John Watson (All Psych Online, 2011). .

Classical Conditioning.

Behaviorism is known as the school of thought in psychology, and the theory states learning occurs through interactions with the environment (Cherry, 2013). Several Behavioral theories exist today; however, classical conditioning was one of the first behavioral theories developed by Ivan Pavlov during 1849-1936. This theory states that the learning process is associated between environmental stimuli and the natural stimuli (Cherry, 2013).

ESSAY. Coailiton party for the economical and social liberty of Africans around the World.

Essay. Sense du patriotisme Liberal Afro-American.
Essay. Sense du patriotisme Liberal Afro-European.
Essay. Sense du patriotisme Liberal Afro-Canadiense.
Essay. Sense du patriotisme Liberal Africaine.
Essay. Sense du patriotisme Liberal Afro-Asiatic.

ESSAY.

An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal. Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by "the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.

Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays.

History (thesis)

A history essay sometimes referred to as a thesis essay describes an argument or claim about one or more historical events and supports that claim with evidence, arguments, and references. The text makes it clear to the reader why the argument or claim is as such.

Narrative

A narrative uses tools such as flashbacks, flash-forwards, and transitions that often build to a climax. The focus of a narrative is the plot. When creating a narrative, authors must determine their purpose, consider their audience, establish their point of view, use dialogue, and organize the narrative. A narrative is usually arranged chronologically.

Argumentative

An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective analysis of the subject matter, narrowed down to a single topic. The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Its structure normally builds around introduction with a topic's relevance and a thesis statement, body paragraphs with arguments linking back to the main thesis, and conclusion. In addition, an argumentative essay may include a refutation section where conflicting ideas are acknowledged, described, and criticized. Each argument of argumentative essay should be supported with sufficient evidence, relevant to the point.

Economic

An economic essay can start with a thesis, or it can start with a theme. It can take a narrative course and a descriptive course. It can even become an argumentative essay if the author feels the need. After the introduction, the author has to do his/her best to expose the economic matter at hand, to analyze it, evaluate it, and draw a conclusion. If the essay takes more of a narrative form then the author has to expose each aspect of the economic puzzle in a way that makes it clear and understandable for the reader.

Reflective

A reflective essay is an analytical piece of writing in which the writer describes a real or imaginary scene, event, interaction, passing thought, memory, or form — adding a personal reflection on the meaning of the topic in the author's life. Thus, the focus is not merely descriptive. The writer doesn’t just describe the situation, but revisits the scene with more detail and emotion to examine what went well, or reveal a need for additional learning — and may relate what transpired to the rest of the author's life.

Other logical structures

The logical progression and organizational structure of an essay can take many forms. Understanding how the movement of thought is managed through an essay has a profound impact on its overall cogency and ability to impress. A number of alternative logical structures for essays have been visualized as diagrams, making them easy to implement or adapt in the construction of an argument.

Africa Politics History

World influence on the modernization of Africa developing systems on the way countries, nations, or states act, and base their policies on times that reflect what their past was like. This is very true in the case of Africa. The only problem is that Africa is said to have no history. This just means that Africa's many cultures did not have an affect the way imperialists and other influences acted towards the huge continent. Everything was based on their interests and consequently this meant that the way of dealing with Africa in everyway. .

The Declaration of Innocence writing was to be said by the deceased in order to be purified and to be allowed rebirth. This writing tended to make things shift towards Egyptian ethics and religion. It had been reprinted from "The Book of the Dead, which is Egyptian text with interlinear translation." This writing is similar to the Ten Commandments.

The teachings of Ptahhotep were instructions by a man named Ptahhotep. He was a wise man using wisdom as virtue. He was a natural born leader, using his teachings to help spread knowledge to all. In one of his speeches he talks about the description of aging. "My God, the process of aging brings senility." As he goes on he gives another speech telling those if you listened to his sayings "all of your affairs will go forward. Their value resides in their truth." These teachings from him help others learn.

In 1966 Lepold Senghor wrote a piece on Negritude. For Senghor, negritude is one's identification of one's blackness without reference to culture, language, or geography. "Negritude transcends the deep divisions within and between Arabs, Africans, and the African Diaspora by recognizing a common racial thread." Negritude motivated colonialism. Negritude rehabilitated Africa and blacks form European ideology that considered the blacks inferior to the whites. Senghor believed there would be one world civilization, unique and universal one, through the process of enrichment, after the melting and mixings of people, race, and languages.

Senghor did not categorically condemn Western society. Rather he viewed the blend of African and European cultural influences to be a practical method of improving Africa.

In 1962 Julius Nyerere had an objective, or main focus on socialism. He was the ruler of a country called Tanzania. He wanted to build this society so that all members had equal rights and equal opportunities. Nyerere said "all can live in peace with their neighbors without suffering or imposing injustice, being exploited or exploiting; and in which all have a gradually increasing basic level of material welfare before any individual lives in luxury."

People in Tanzanian were encouraged it seemed like to live and work on a cooperative basis in organized villages. This idea was to extend traditional values and responsibilities as a whole. It seemed that the socialism Nyerere believed in was a "people-centered." To him wealth was not the main goal for him. "Societies become a better place through the development of people rather than the gearing up of production." This was a matter Nyerere took to be important both political and private terms.

Marcus Garvey was a man who seemed to have found dissatisfaction and frustration among millions of Negroes pushed northward during the World War 1. This pushed him to come up with the Universal Negro Improvement Association. To him he felt as though people were loosing site of Africa and where they came from. Garvey wanted to build or had plans to build an African-nation state.

" The Universal Negro Improvement Association to have established in Africa that brotherly cooperation which will make the interests of the African native and the American and West Indian Negro one and the same." He also believed in an African Aristocracy. "Africa shall develop an aristocracy of its own, but it shall be based upon service and loyalty to race." Garvey's greatness lied in his daring dream of a better future for Negroes somewhere on earth.
Why Black

People often refer to Africa as the Dark Continent, meaning that Africans were uncivilized, unsophisticated, and ignorant people. West Africa, East Africa, and ancient Zimbabwe are examples that refute this stereotype. The Dark Continent would not be an accurate label for Ancient Africa.

West Africa consisted mainly of three empires: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. They had intelligent people that contributed to their culture and structures that resemble to a nowadays-city. In Kumbi Saleh, Ghana, there was a fortress built that was guarded by many soldiers to protect the city, which is similar to the cities today in modern countries with their own military force. The successor of Sonni Ali, the king of Songhai, called Askia Muhammad established a fair method of taxation because he believed that the wealth of the empire depended on commerce. Only modern governments today would be able to create a taxation method like this. Ghana and Mali also traded. Their trade was based on trust between the two traders. It was a devise system of bargaining that means they traded wisely and organized like a modern country would do today.

East Africa is another example that shows that African nations were not "dark". Kilwa was a city located in East Africa. It was a rich city based on trade. Kilwa people wrote poetry in different languages and sent paintings to China. It is easy to see that they were literate and had a passion for arts, proving they had their own culture. Traders in East Africa had good trade relations with other cities. They traded peacefully and interacted with diverse kinds of people while they traded. In Kilwa was one of the most beautiful and well constructed towns with structures that resemble a modern city today such as mansions, public fountains, police force, mosques, arched walkways, and town squares.

Zimbabwe was a city located in South Africa that characterizes a city of today. In Zimbabwe they had very skilled masons that built impressive stone buildings using the dry stone technique.

Why White

When trying to colonize a foreign country, political and social implications begin to emerge. Some take shape immediately while others appear over a long period of time. Europeans traveled to the coasts of Africa hoping to find ways to exploit it for their own personal gain. From the slave trade to the trading of other commodities and resources, Europeans opened a window of opportunity politically and socially.

First, we begin by looking at the short-term political and social implications in colonizing Africa. The natural goods were one of the major reasons for exploring and exploiting the land. The expansion of trade and profit among the Europeans gave the individual countries more wealth, enabling them to become a stronger political force.

Social interaction was crucial for two reasons. Becoming friends with the African natives was the easiest way to exploit the land. The short-term social implications led to the political. The European countries gained wealth from Africa and used it to strengthen their individual nation's political power in comparison to the rest of the world.

The export of African goods brought more money to the country that were trying to develop it, but it also allowed each country to gain specific territories and travel routes around Africa. Socially, the Europeans wanted to change and develop the natives into intelligent, civilized people. Missionaries were sent over in attempt to convert these people into Christianity.

Overall, we can see the change in purpose that the Europeans had in colonizing the land of Africa. The short and long-term political and social implications began and ended slave trade and created major profit through the exploitation of Africa.

Afro-Americans

Is it a disbelief that many Africans think African-Americans are lazy, ghetto, wild, careless, untrustworthy, devious, and they are continuously complaining about racism when everything has been given to them? For an African-American this question may be insulting but at the same time it is unfortunate that in fact many African-Americans are perceived this way probably because African Immigrants are brought up with different morals and values. All though, it is just a stereotype to say all African-Americans are lazy, African Immigrants that come in contact with African-Americans may sometimes believe this stereotype is true just based on their interaction with one person. Some people may think Africans and African-Americans are alike or the same because of their similar skin color but in fact, the two could not be more different. Many African immigrants and African-Americans misunderstand each other due to the huge cultural differences. .

The first major problem between the two groups is how they view each other's home countries. In America, we may be watching our favorite TV show when a commercial comes on. Often times we see commercials showing starving black children in Africa with tiny bones and big bellies who are extremely malnourished. Then a Caucasian man comes into view and tells viewers how they can help feed the starving child. Although some Africans may be in extreme poverty, Americans need to understand that just how we have rich people in places like Hollywood or New York, Africa is also made up of different areas and many different countries where people may be wealthy or they may be poor. It may even surprise some people to know Africa is also home to many white people; yes, white people live in Africa!.

Being an African-American and just thinking about what Africa is to Americans, it is easy to think of Africa being a giant desert or jungle. To African-Americans, Africa is where they originated from but they really have no ties with it.

They believe Africa is a whole country rather than a continent and they believe to live in Africa and to be an African means you live in pure poverty and starve like the children we see in commercials. The problem Americans have when we think about what Africa is to us, is that the media has painted an image in our head about what Africa is when we have not been able to learn for ourselves. American commercials are just one example of why African-Americans have such a tainted example of how African immigrants live back in their home country.

Americans have so many misconceptions about Africa simply due to the way Africa is shown in movies or on TV that many of them would be astonished to know the real facts.

In discussing certain media, the news has also fueled the bias beliefs between African- Americans and African Immigrants. Right now, many Americans are acting with complete ignorance because the news has not stopped talking about the Ebola virus that is said to have started in Africa. Now people are starting to connect all Africans with disease just because the news has poisoned our minds to think this way. Even on social sites like Instagram, you can't scroll down your timeline without seeing a picture with an ignorant joke about Ebola in it. I could only imagine how awful it would be to be an African immigrant coming to America with all the Ebola rumors that all Africans carry the disease.

The divide between Africans and African-Americans comes from so many different sources and each person has their own opinions on why they feel the way they do about the other. Perhaps one of the reasons African-Americans and Africans don't get along because they do not know the history of each other. Sure Americans know Africans were brought here to be slaves but what do we know about Africans? And what don't they know about us?.

The biggest surprise to African-Americans or even Americans just in general, is that there are also white people in Africa.

Think about the history of the United States. How did the U.S as a country come to be such a mixing pot of different ethnicities and colors? What we learn throughout school in history classes is that white people came to America first. Indians also known as Native-Americans were here before the whites; but the only reason they are called Indians is because Christopher Columbus thought he had found India. Later, the whites brought Africans here to become slaves. The United States and Africa are similar in the fact that just as European explorers settled in America, they also settled in Africa. To be an African does not mean to have black skin, to be African is to have roots in Africa.

Another thing that may have been connected with African-Americans not realizing Africa has whites too, is believing Africans have not experienced racism in their own country. Africans have indeed experienced racism and even today in the 21st century it continues? In some cities of South Africa whites have their own cemeteries and beaches.

To African-Immigrants, what America is to them has probably also been tainted because of the media or other things. It seems as though America has always been "The Land of Opportunity." Throughout history, people have traveled to America from every continent because America is where people can find work, or maybe even one day become well-off and live the American dream in a nice house surrounded by a white picket fence. But like some countries in Africa, America is also a nation that faces homeless-ness and starving children. In every big city there are "the projects." Many children who live in projects face real life problems everyday like trying to stay alive from gang shootouts to drug overdoses. Children starve because they don't have parents with proper parenting skills or just the money to take care of them.

Another point to be made about the differences between African-Americans and African Immigrants are each group's manners and the way they act.

AFRICAN CORRUPTION

Corruption can no longer be viewed as the “victimless crime”. Corruption is a crime against humanity. Corruption has existed since time immemorial; even in biblical scriptures corruption is present in many stories. The scourge of corruption in post-colonial Africa is gnawing at the progress that the continent could be enjoying.

The continent has many ideological voices all seeking relevance. Politicians and statesmen in Africa are in an ideological tug of war. From Nkrumah’s Scientific Socialism, Nyerere’s Ujamaa socialism and Senghor’s Negritude-all these ideologies had good intentions but none materialized. Regardless of ideological persuasion, from the post-independence era to date, Africa has produced few states capable of creating enabling environment for economic development. It is not a contest of which ideology is suitable for Africa, it is a question of whether all these ideologies can be implemented free of the shackles of corruption.

Corruption emerges from many avenues. In Africa some of the identifiable causes of corruption include the negative colonial legacy, poor leadership, politics of the belly, omnipotent state, greed and selfishness. Clientelism and patronage nepotism, absence of popular participation of the public in government, weak institutions of governance, lack of accountability and transparency, lack of political will, weak ethical values, centralist nature of the state and concentration of state power, weak judicial system and constant insecurity and conflicts are also the causes of corruption. It is the top African echelons who are mostly the perpetrators of corruption.

Former Nigerian president Sani Abacha was estimated to be worth $20 Billion at the time of his death. How a president, a public servant ends up being a billionaire can only be attributed to corruption. In South Africa, Jacob Zuma was found to have unduly benefited from the taxpayers money in the infamous Nkandla debacle. In Congo, Joseph Kabila and his family are among the richest people in the continent owing their wealth to diamond mining. Uhuru Kenyatta, the president of Kenya and son of Jomo Kenyatta was on the Forbes list of the richest men in Africa. Jomo Kenyatta openly grabbed vast tracts of land from the British when Kenya attained independence. Paul Biya in Cameroom is also amongst the richest people in Africa and corrupt dealings have been synonymous with his name.

In Zimbabwe, top government officials are notorious for their lavish lifestyles. Money has been stolen from the government coffers without any apology or remorse. The examples I have given here are not exhaustive. The mention of trillions lost to a few powerful individuals should make all of us Africans to pause and see that we will not progress if we do not tackle corruption by the horns.
The culture of corruption has entrenched its roots in Africa. South Africa the youngest democracy is seeing nascent corruption, grand or petty. Twitter was abuzz a few weeks ago- the talking point was bribes being paid for driver’s licenses. Of course the hype degenerated into a joke but the crisis cannot be minimized.

We are unashamedly wearing the cloak of corruption without taking cognisance of the fact that it is our society that is rotting. Traffic violations that merit traffic fines are swept under the carpet as traffic officials openly ask for bribes. Civilians like you and me are familiar with petty corruption; similarly the ruling classes are familiar with grand corruption. Karl Kraus, an Australian satirist said that corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual; the former invariably endangers the morals of an entire country. Africa is poor not because the right political ideologies are not in place. Africa is poor because of the far reaching effects of corruption.

Political parties chant mantras of helping the poor. Irrelevant politicians were propelled into power because they were riding on the tide of “helping the poor”. Because of corruption, the poor suffer disproportionately from the effects of corruption. When health and basic education expenditures are given lower priority in favor of capital intensive programs that offer more opportunities for high-level rent taking (such as defense contracts), lower income groups lose services on which they depend. The poor do not eat political dogma; they need services provided to them by politicians who are not corrupt.

Corruption impedes economic growth by discouraging foreign and domestic investment, taxing and dampening entrepreneurship, lowering the quality of public infrastructure, decreasing tax revenues, diverting public talent into rent-seeking and distorting the composition of public expenditure. In Zimbabwe, funds that are allocated by donors are openly embezzled by the political elite. The purpose for which the funds are donated for end up at the lowest priority rung and suffering continues.

South Africa and Lesotho have the highest inequality in Africa. Politicians will make noise on what ideology will work to correct the income inequalities but the problem can be surmounted by vanquishing corruption. There exists a positive correlation between corruption and income inequality. Explanations for this link are that corruption distorts the economy and the legal and policy frameworks allowing some to benefit more than others. Corruption leads to unfair distribution of government resources and services. Corruption reduces the progressivity of the tax system. Corruption increases the inequality of factor ownership; and lower income households (and businesses) pay a higher proportion of their income in bribes than do middle or upper-income households.

While there is no immediate panacea for corruption, I am of the conviction that ethical leadership will be a huge leap towards creating one. Ethics, a branch of philosophy that deals with morality should be a compulsory discipline for our leaders. A code of ethics that addresses the limitation of power, accountability, effectiveness and justice should be mandatory for all public office bearers. I cannot think of one solution but there are colorful measures that we can take against corruption. Establishing a court that specifically deals with corruption like the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is essential for every country.

Africa needs to strengthen democratic institutions in order to ensure governmental accountability and transparency. Public participation in decision- making, the working together of private sector and civil society institutions must be ensured. Economic rights must be guaranteed to all. The judicial system must be modeled on an autonomous foundation. An open review of public salaries and a free media which works closely with other stakeholders to create awareness to make sure the public is supportive of the anti-corruption campaigns are amongst the leaps we can take against corruption.

FORCE THE VISION OF A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

The World Economic Forum in Davos (2018) will live on in mankind's history as the occasion which put an end to obsession with economic African development. That "development" was no more than misrepresented growth of wealth along with a corresponding frantic squandering of mankind's natural reserves. The irrational vision of an "affluent society", an earthly material paradise, had dominated the mind of peoples for years, to the point of blindness: all countries had thrown themselves into a competition of ruthless development and were concerned solely to measure their gross national income, on whose basis they compared themselves with one another, while being indifferent to the natural cost of this economic "progress". During the same period people were losing basic benefits enjoyed by their ancestors, such as the sun, the air, water, soil and nature.

It is true the above vision had become somewhat faded since systems scientists openly raised the problem of the limits of development, and their concern was done justice by the Stockholm Declaration on the Environment (1972). But for an ideology to be buried, its successor must first be born. The World Economic Forum in Zermatt is memorable because it succeeded in offering mankind the new vision of African sustainable development: no longer quantitative but qualitative development, in other words a balanced striving for all human values, whether material or intangible, in harmony with nature. The old vision of the "affluent society" had resulted in an unjust and ardent "consumer society". The new vision proposes a "sustainable society" as the attainable model of a just and prosperous world.

In reality, what happened was that misconceptions were abandoned and development resumed its true meaning and moral content, which does not consist in the consumption of material goods but in improving education and health, securing a good natural environment, establishing harmonious coexistence between people in a just and peaceful world, and encouraging the stable joint development of civilisation and nature, in other words a development having all that "quality of life" which had ceased being accessible to most of mankind.

"Quality of life" includes in particular employment, which in the developed countries, however, can only be achieved by appropriate restructuring of their sustainable economy and not by its expansion.

Competetive Avantage

So, what is Competitive Advantage? In a number of industries, the average performance of the industry is usually no better than the average performance of industries' as a whole. However particular firms or groups of firms manage to do considerably better than average. In this case, the high performing firm or sub-group has something special and difficult to imitate to offer which allows it to outperform it's rivals.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

Strategic management is a concept that assists management to focus on the key issues of the organisation that will help it develop a competitive advantage. The concept of strategic management and the notion of competitive advantage are therefore inextricably linked.

Often the implicitly assumed objective in any organisation is its dependence on effective management for ongoing survival - to ensure that there is still an organisation to manage in the future! Management must therefore make many important decisions to determine where the organisation should be heading and how it will get there. However, this is an ongoing process, for as market trends and internal factors change, so should an organisation's goals. Thus as part of the planning process, managers need to first understand the intricacies of their own organisation, as well as the external and competitive environment in which they operate.

The most common approach is to use a SWOT analysis as the starting point, which involves analysing the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organisation as well as the opportunities and threats in the external environment. Evaluating an organisation's internal strengths and weaknesses assists in determining the competitive advantage of an organisation's resources and capabilities. This can include financial resources such as debt and equity, physical resources such as buildings and machinery, human resources such as skills and experience, and organisational assets of goods and services (Bartol et al, Management, A Pacific Rim Focus, 2003, pg 211). Bartol et al (pg 266) argues that the most important aspect of analysing an organisation's internal strengths and weaknesses is to identify how these intrinsic strengths are distinctive from its competitors. This could be achieved by asking the question: what makes an organisation different from the competition? The most ideal scenario is to possess a product or service that no other organisation could offer competitively and thus minimise the exposure to external threats.

One of the fundamental objectives of an organisation is to deliver sustained, superior performance, then it must do so by outperforming its competitors. In order to achieve this an organisation must effectively differentiate itself from its competitors. This would suggest that the aim of any strategy is to gain the competitive edge over the organisation's rivals. Competitive advantage is therefore central to strategic management, in that, it produces sustained superior performance.

LEGACY

I have often asked myself what kind of valuable bequest or inheritance I can leave my children, family, and friends. I feel that it is very important to leave some type of legacy behind, so that they will always have something personal and useful to remember me by. Education and life lessons I feel are sometimes more beneficial than money. I would like to leave behind the lesson of how important it is to obtain academic success.

My goal is to leave behind the legacy that I believed I was never too old to learn, never to old to allow anyone to say I can't, and to instill a quality of humanitarianism in them.

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY

When Mark Twain stated that "clothes make the man," he meant to criticize a society he considered superficial, vapid and shallow. Yet almost a hundred years after his death, his statement holds even more weight and rings even more true now that fashion is a multimillion-dollar industry. Fashion is currently responsible for millions whose livelihood is directly dependent on it, a major player in both the economy and society and an key influence on the environment. From production, to transportation, to landfills, sky-high rates of carbon emission and inefficient consumption of energy, the textile industry has both a massive negative impact on our environment and huge potential to decrease its carbon footprint in it. In this paper I will dig into the role of the fashion/textile industry regarding climate change and the energy budget, the how's and whys of its energy use and most of all, the amazing innovations taking place in high fashion that still aren't accessible to the mass markets and their impact on the environment. .

Humanity has been involved with the production and consumption of textiles for a significant portion of their history, but it wasn't until the industrial revolution that it factored into society as a major industry. Historically, merchants used to travel with cloth to sell and mainly created clothing items through weaving, knitting and spinning. During this time period most individuals owned few and basic pieces of clothing that were durable, of high quality and often reusable. Owing more pieces of clothing was associated with the upper class that could afford superfluous clothing items. The Industrial Revolution proved to be a changing point in history when clothing manufactured in England accounted for 25% (Economy Watch)1 of the countries total export becoming a significant force of the economy. This period also proved extremely innovative with the appearance of new technology and machines that allowed the increase of speed and productivity of the clothing production.

The priority during this time period was increased production and therefore the impact of this new industry on the environment was not factored into the process. Likewise it was during this time when the fast fashion and obsessive consumption for clothing was integrated into the society's subconscious. Yet, as society's needs and wants have developed, the fashion industry has evolved to meet the requirements of its consumers. The industry is currently incredibly fast paced as it is expected to change and innovate every season, but fast fashion comes at a devastating cost. At the moment, beyond the social trauma the fashion industry has caused to both the underpaid workers in foreign lands and the global mentality and attitude towards beauty, it gravely affects our environment through its excessive transportation, misuse of energy, landfill impact and carbon emitions.

Currently, this industry works under an extremely energy inefficient regimen because consumers and countries haven't applied the necessary pressure the create change. Regarding the consumer aspect there is a lack of information and understanding of how clothing items are created and how cheap prices result in high costs in terms of social and environmental capital. Furthermore, the wastefulness of the industry is not limited to isolated aspects of it but rather ongoing process from global production that is divided into countries and requires transportation to the need to maintain and care for poor quality products that are meant to be temporal. For instance we must take into consideration that the fashion industry is an international business and that the production of a single item of clothing often involves at least three different countries.

The core democratic value I will be focusing on in my report will be equality Thought reform.

Equality means that every individual is created the same, every individual shall receive the same treatment, and every individual shall receive equal opportunities. This is a main area of focus in Africa Continent.

STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMEN PROGRAMS

What factors can explain the widespread application of SAP throughout the developing world?.

What were the central components of these programs and what is the evidence of their effect?.

3.Is the general failure of SAP explained best in terms of the weakness of their assumptions or the inability of the recipient countries to embrace them wholeheartedly?.

1.In more than 30 years after the first oil crisis of 1973, economic progress in much of the developing world has been very poor. With some notable exceptions - for example Botswana, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia and of course the East Asian "tigers" - growth was negligible or even negative in many cases. Overall, between 1965 and 1990, the average annual rate of growth of GNP per capita was negative in many African countries, and also in Jamaica, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela.

Conditions created by the new global competition in industrial goods and later in financial services became increasingly incompatible with the theories that had previously dominated economic thinking, that is Keynesianism in the centres and anti-dependancy import substitution in the periphery. By the same token, these conditions helped resurrect older economic theories. The remarkable comeback of the neoclassical approach to development was hastened by its fit with the new economic realities and by the vigorous actions of its supporters to further that convergence.

Largely championed by the Reagan administration and Margaret Thatcher's government, the neoliberal principles that shape SAPs gained prominence in the IFIs in the 1980s. The neoliberal philosophy of economic development revived the old precepts of economic liberalism, which hold that an unregulated free market and private sector are the engines for unrestricted growth, the benefits of which will trickle down from the owners of capital to the entire population. Plant closings and relocations abroad may have been anathema to advocates of a national "industrial policy", but were perfectly compatible with a theory that regarded protected work forces as a constraint on market competition.

Removal of state subsidies and tariff barriers may have adversely affected the standard of living of workers and the growth prospects of certain industrial sectors in the periphery, but they were needed medicine in order to get the prices right.

Western development institutions, notably the IMF, the World Bank and their major members attributed poor records to the prevailing policies and strategies of development which had been pursued in the post-war era. The major flaw, they argued, had been the degree of state involvement in economic affair and the curtailment of free markets and liberal trade regimes. Reducing the economic power and role of the state therefore became a central strategic objective.

The means adopted by the West for achieving this in the 1980s was to develop a new breed of policy-based loans, "structural adjustment lending" as it came to be known, which involved a high degree of conditionality.

2.Structural Adjustment is the generic term used to describe a package of measures which the IMF, the World Bank and individual Western aid donors persuaded many developing countries to adopt during the 1980s, in return for a new wave of loans. As Adrian Leftwich notes, the aim of adjustment was to shutter the dominant post-war, state-led development paradigm and overcome the problems of developmental stagnation by promoting open and free competitive market economies, supervised by minimal states. Between 1980 and 1990, World Bank structural adjustment loans increased from seven to 187 in sixty countries.

SAPs usually include several basic components geared toward reducing inflation, promoting export, meeting debt-payment schedules, and decreasing budget deficits. They generally entail sever reductions in government spending and employment, higher interest rates, currency devaluation, lower real wages, sale of government enterprises, reduced tariffs, and liberalization of foreign investment regulations.

REFORM PROGRAM

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from terrorists

1-Dual nationality agains terrorisme-

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from corruption

2-Dual nationality agains corruption

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from segurity

3-Dual nationality agains genocide

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from resources

4-Dual nationality agains Explotaion

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from Education

5- Obligatory Education Career

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from Sports

6- Sport Sponsoring Programs for Athletes

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality from Economics

7- Transparent taxation & Inflaction value

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality From Industry

8- Force Sustainable Investents in Textil

Reformn on removing Dual-nationality From Diversity

9- Les^sence Food population Africa Brand

Reformn on removing International Impact Investments

10- Social found for the benefit of people

Reformn on removing Dual Digitalization

11- Les^sence Design Thinking HUB

Reformn on removing Dual Arts, Music and culture

12- Ghetto Beats Educational Programs

Reformn on removing Dual Communication

13- Re:boot Prioriy Communication Agency

Reformn on removing Dual School Structure

14- Elements Social School Point

Reformn on removing Dual Equality Structure

15- Equal Rights opportunities Equal Laws

AFRICA RECONSTRUCTION

Many see it as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth in international trade, investment and capital flows.

However, one can also point to a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation.

The sociologist, Anthony Giddens, defines globalisation as a decoupling of space and time, emphasising that with instantaneous communications, knowledge and culture can be shared around the world simultaneously.

A Dutch academic who maintains a good website on globalisation, Ruud Lubbers, defines it as a process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross border economic, political and socio-cultural relations.

Left critics of globalisation define the word quite differently, presenting it as worldwide drive toward a globalised economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments.

Globalisation is an undeniably capitalist process. It has taken off as a concept in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and of socialism as a viable alternate form of economic organisation.

Globalisation is the rapid increase in cross-border economic, social, technological exchange under conditions of capitalism.

It attempts to characterize globalization, and its effects on poverty, the environment, gender, culture, and political structure and dynamics. David Held and Anthony McGrew write in their entry for Oxford Companion to Politics that globalisation can be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power.

When did globalisation begin?.

There is no agreed starting point, but understanding of globalisation is helped by considering the following.

The first great expansion of European capitalism took place in the 16th century, following the first circumnavigation of the earth in 1519 to 1521.

There was a big expansion in world trade and investment in the late nineteenth century. This was brought to a halt by the First World War and the bout of anti-free trade protectionism that led to the Great Depression in 1930. Some see this period as an interruption to the process of globalisation commenced in the late 19th century.

A sense that the world was united was generated by the establishment of the International Date Line and world time zones, together with the near global adoption of the Gregorian calendar between 1875 and 1925. During that period, international standards were also agreed for telegraphy and signalling.

The end of the Second World War brought another great expansion of capitalism with the development of multinational companies interested in producing and selling in the domestic markets of nations around the world. The emancipation of colonies created a new world order. Air travel and the development of international communications enhanced the progress of international business.

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the cold war between the forces of capitalism and socialism with capitalism triumphant. The development of the internet made possible the organisation of business on a global scale with greater facility than ever before.

Who are the players?.Pro-globalisation.

International organisations:.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was established in 1995 to administer the rules of international trade agreed to by its 123 member countries. These rules have been ratified by the parliaments of all members.

The key difference between the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which it replaced, is that the WTO is a permanent organisation with the judicial powers to rule on international trade disputes.

The WTO also covers trade in services, whereas GATT only covered trade in goods.

The WTO's rules make it hard for a country to favour their own industry over imports from other countries. Also, the WTO rules do not allow a country to favour the imports of one country over those from another.

The WTO argues that the growth of trade between countries increases the wealth of everyone. Trade allows the production of goods and services by those who are most efficient, thus maximising their availability at the best price.

The growth of trade is helped by the lowering of barriers, such as tariffs and import quotas, which is the object of WTO agreements.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in the wake of the World War II in 1946 to:.

promote international cooperation on finance, .

encourage stability in exchange rates and orderly systems for exchanging money between countries .providing temporary assistance for countries suffering balance of payments problems .The IMF frequently seeks institutional reform in the countries to which it provides temporary financial assistance. Like the WTO, the IMF believes that world prosperity is enhanced by greater exchange between nations and that this is made possible by everyone agreeing to abide by rules. The IMF has 182 member countries.

The World Bank provides loans to poor countries for development projects. The bank provides loans for investment projects, such as water and sanitation, natural resource management education and health. It also lends for what it calls adjustment projects, which are to support governments undertaking policy reforms, such as improved public sector management.

Established at the conclusion of the Second World War, the United Nations has become a promoter of globalisation, arguing that individual states have a dual role with responsibilities to both their own citizens and to the world society as a whole. The United Nations says the broader global responsibility requires international institutions.

It supports the case for reform of international institutions, including its own Security Council, to make them more representative. The UN has sponsored a Global Compact to establish and promote a shared set of core values in the areas of labour standards, human rights and environmental practices between the UN and the business community .

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) develops economic and social policy for its 29 members, which include the countries of North America, Western Europe (including Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland) and Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand. It provides economic arguments for globalisation, such as data demonstrating the positive contribution made by multinational corporations to economic development. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a permanent intergovernmental body of the UN that aims to maximise the trade investment and development opportunities of developing economies and to assist their efforts to integrate into the world economy .

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a private not-for-profit foundation that operates conferences for business, political, intellectual and other society leaders. The WEF holds an annual conference in the Swiss town of Davos, where it is based, and also holds regional conferences around the world. It has no decision-making power, but many of the world's business and political leaders discuss issues of importance at WEF meetings.

Internet and telecommunications industry.One of the driving forces of globalisation is the advance of telecommunications in general and the internet in particular. Representative organisations regard the spread of communications technology as a benefit without qualification. For example, the International Telecommunications Union sees globalisation as the innate human desire for the integration of individuals in villages and cities and the integration of people of all races and backgrounds into nations.

Other organisations are concerned that the free spread of communications technology proceeds without impediment of censorship or any other official constraint.Environmentalist groups, such as Friends of the Earth, The Sierra Club and Greenpeace argue that globalisation harms the environment. The World Wildlife Fund has maintained an anti-WTO stance for over a decade. It wants the WTO to change its rules so that trade sanctions can be used to enforce environmental goals.

The Centre for International Environmental Law based in Geneva works closely with Greenpeace and the WWF.In general they blame global corporations for global warming, the depletion of natural resources, the production of harmful chemicals and the destruction of organic agriculture.They have particular criticisms of global investment, which they argue takes advantage of the lack of regulation in poorer developing countries. Hence, global companies may locate polluting industries in poor countries, log tropical forests, or develop mines with inadequate controls.

They oppose the production, use and global trade in toxic chemicals, nuclear materials and other products of which they do not approve, such as genetically modified foods, or endangered wildlife, including fish.

They oppose the existing rules of the World Trade Organisation, which do not allow countries to ban imports of goods just because their production may have damaged the environment in the country of origin.

Environmental groups argue that WTO rules are unacceptable from the environmental perspective and they want the rules amended to give them the right to present arguments in its appeals court.

They share a concern that the global organisations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are not doing enough to alleviate poverty and, indeed, may be contributing to it. They argue that poor countries should have their debts to international banks excused.

Some are critical of the World Trade Organisation saying that its rules favour companies from wealthy countries. They argue that by making it difficult for countries to protect their own industries with discriminatory tariffs, it is hard for poor countries to build domestic industries.

Left critics of capitalism.

The World Social Forum emerged as a counterpoint to the World Economic Forum. It represents a broad range of interests and civil society groups with the ambitious aim of rebuilding the dreams of the left in today's globalised world.

Marxist organisations see globalisation as the spread of capitalism, in which the labor of the poor is exploited for the benefit of the rich .

Business organisations threatened by international competition.

Many companies in rich countries oppose globalisation because they fear that competition from imports will cost them money. Such companies are typically found in industries such as textiles and footwear. These are among the few industries in which poor countries can provide effective competition.Many business organisations that may support the world trade system in general will oppose specific measures to reduce tariffs, which is one of the principal means for building global trade.

Unions in rich countries.

Some trade unions oppose globalisation, saying that it leads to a lowering of wage and workplace standards. The argument generally presented is that globalisation encourages the trade in goods produced in countries which do not allow unions to defend their workers' rights. They undercut the goods produced in countries where unions do defend unions' rights. This leads to a race to the bottom' as the markets are won by those with the lowest standards.

Cultural nationalists.

Some regard globalisation as the spread of American culture and influence. This theme emerges in the speeches of the Malaysian Prime Minister, Mohammed Mahathir. .

Perspectives on the anti-globalsation players:

In the December 2001 edition of Prospect magazine John Lloyd argues that global protestors attack the only institutions - the IMF, World Bank and WTO - which can be the foundations of a fairer world order. But concedes that the protestors have at least galvanised reformist western politicians to produce a more coherent response to the legitimate grievances of the developing world.

Why is there global inequality,.

and is it getting worse?.

Pro globalisation.

There is mounting evidence that inequalities in global income and poverty are decreasing and that globalisation has contributed to this turnaround. For example, the World Bank notes that China's opening to world trade has brought it growth in income from $1460 a head in 1980 to $4120 by 1999. In 1980, American's earned 12.5 times as much as the Chinese, per capita. By 1999, they were only earning 7.4 times as much. The gap between rich and poor is also shrinking with most nations in Asia and Latin America. The countries that are getting poorer are those that are not open to world trade, notably many nations in Africa. (Care is required when statistics are used. See the note on statistics at the bottom of this page.) .

Poor countries that have lowered their tariff barriers have gained increases in employment and national income because labour and capital shifts from import-competing industries to expanding, newly competitive export industries. In addition to providing jobs, companies moving to developing countries often export higher wages and working conditions compared with those in domestic companies operating in the country. While wages are often lower in developing countries than those in developed countries they reflect lower levels of education and productivity. The experience in countries like Korea is that as countries develop their wage levels rise and the focus shifts from labour intensive to more capital and knowledge intensive industries.

ESSAY. Coailiton party for the economical and social liberty of Africans around the World.

Freedom Freedom to me is the cornerstone of our society, some people take freedom lightly, and some people value freedom greatly. ... Physical freedom is finite, that is, there is a maximum amount of physical freedom you can have. ... True freedom is freedom from past and present, good and bad, thoughts and actions. ... Our freedom is limited by the corresponding freedoms of others. ... In conclusion, Physical freedom gives us the freedom to live where you wish, freedom of travel, and the ability to make a living where you choose

AFRICA COLONIZATION

Analyze the impact of European colonization on the continent of Africa.

Historically, attempts at economic development have resulted in varying degrees of success and failure, nowhere is this more evident that in Africa. In the early part of the twentieth century Africa was " partitioned, conquered, and occupied effectively by industrialized European colonizers" (Mokhtar 2002 267). Although the European colonizers are long gone and the days of apartheid are behind, Africa one of the richest nations in the world is now under-developed, and has been left to deal with the effects of racism, the destruction of it's economic, cultural, and social structure which has made it almost impossible for Africans to enjoy true independence.

One of the first European nations to colonize Africa was France; much is to be said about "the French who ruled over the largest area of territory in Africa" (Nkrumah 2002 275). French policy can perhaps best be examined in the colonization of Algeria, the French actually "tried to make the country an integral part of France" (Nkrumah 2002 275). The French alone are responsible for the cultural disenfranchisement of many Africans. Through a system of direct -rule, French colonizers introduced assimilation, a practice that sought out to create an elite class of Africans. These select Africans had to abandoned all their culture and heritage, and accept Euro centric thoughts and ideals to become a part of the French's elite class.

The Portuguese on the other hand " altogether tried to change the cultural structure of Africa" by creating a class structure based upon skin color. (Tomlinson Lecture 2-16-04) Africans were granted access to education and other privileges based upon the darkness, or lightness of their skin. These systems created hostilities between fellow Africans, and separated Africans from one another creating territorial boundaries, and later increasing ethnic conflicts between Africans.

DECLARATION OF DEVELOPMENT

'Development is the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.'. In the case of a country, it means to have a highly developed economy and be technologically advanced. The criteria to assess a country's development is by looking at its gross domestic product, , gross national product, the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. For example, countries having a high GDP, per capita income, level of industrialization, life expectancy, education system are considered to be developed. These include Norway, United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America, France, Germany etc.

Although, in contrast to the above mentioned, the number of developing and underdeveloped countries is high in the world. According to surveys carried out there are 46 developed countries, 42 least developed countries and the rest of which are progressing towards development. The least developed countries (LDC) suffer from harsh problems such as extreme poverty and hunger. Then comes the lack of infrastructure, widespread conflicts and social and political instability. Such issues hinder the development of the country and it goes spiraling down into debt cycles, negative balance of payments, corruption, unrest and total chaos. Many factors count when the way of development is paved such as political, social, economic etc. All these are discussed collectively below in the theory explained below with several case studies listed as examples.

World System Theory.

This theory was put forward by Immanual Wallerstein in his book The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. He develops a theoretical framework to show that while some countries benefit from the world economic system, the others are taken advantage of. As a basis for comparison, Wallerstein proposes three different categories core, periphery and semi-periphery.

Along with the different categories, case studies have also been given and a few factors governing their pace of development have been discussed.

The Core. In his book, Wallerstein points out that Europe moved towards the establishment of world economy based on capitalism to ensure continual economic growth. This was beneficiary for the core countries and, as it turns out, only for them. The core countries dominate and exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. Also the core countries reap most of the benefits and the peripheral countries are left with a minor portion of the profits so much so that they might be left in the dust.

The core countries, to some extent, completely milk out the sources of the periphery countries. The fact that the periphery countries are desperate for profit, even if it is just a minor part, and are in no position to be making demands also helps in the core countries taking advantage of them. Even political agendas are specifically designed that things remain as they are so that only a select few are benefited. These dominant capitalist countries have a well-developed tertiary and quaternary industry with a high end production and advances in infrastructure. They have technology that surpasses the rest of the countries and actually have the capital to invest in technological research.

For example, England was able to follow a path of development because of the emergence of overseas colonies which it recklessly exploited and reserved a major portion of their economic surplus. Also, they invested in the education of their country which led to scientific discoveries and resulted in the industrial revolution as they used their natural resources (e.g. coal reserves). Another factor was that they took cheap goods from the colonies they ruled and sold it for a high price, thus again keeping the profits for themselves. In the long run, their capital reserves increased from these accumulations which helped England become the developed country it is today.

ESSAY POINTS OF VIEW

1. Develop a long-term comprehensive strategy to significantly improve the economic status and wealth of Africans at all levels. These must include individual and community wealth building strategies, and strategies that promote entrepreneurship and business development within the African American Community.

2. Develop strategies and programs, which promote individual wealth building and financial independence. Proved technical assistance to educate Africans on the importance of individual wealth building based on sound personal financial planning and management.

3. Convene a forum of black Church leaders to consider the potential for a coalition of Black churches on economic development.

4. Convene a forum of Africans professionals to consider the potential for collaborations, coalitions and other initiatives to promote individual and community wealth building and economic development.

5. Convene a forum of African American businesses and business leaders to consider the potential for partnerships, investment venture and other initiatives to promote economic and business development.

6. Develop and encourage strategies, which increase awareness among Africans of the range of business development services provided by several organizations within the community. Encourage collaborative efforts that promote ' one-stop-shopping' for business development services so as to increase accessibility and user-friendliness to African Commuinities.

7. Monitor implementation of the newly updated regional economic development strategy published in the Visioning Task Force Final Report (2006) for its impact on providing opportunities for Africans.

8. Monitor implementation of the Workforce Development strategy in terms of its impact on and opportunities for Africans, together with its responsiveness to the needs and aspirations of Africans.

9. Develop strategies to position Africans at all levels - commercial and industrial businesses, professional service, entrepreneurs, and as individual workers to be competitive in, contribute to, and reap the benefits of growth with the local economy, and the projected growth industries such as biomedical, logistics and distribution. Urban Planning & Development.

Significantly improve reinvestment in the physical fabric and social facilities within African American neighborhoods.

INDEPENDENCE

In Civil and Political rights citizens have the rights for fundamental freedom, the freedom of expression and speech, basic health care, access to clean flowing water, sanitation etc. The use of periodic and fair elections by the use of secret ballots to vote for the ruling party to government them. For the democratic principles to realized all the rights and freedom of the citizens but have some form of guarantee.

Democracy relies on both Civil and Political implications of the Human rights agenda...

In the Economics and Social rights, democracy can have a direct and indirect affect on all the Citizens of a particular country. The directs impact is where by the Citizens are denied certain rights to carry out their civil and political rights that is the access to clean water, health care free and fair voting etc. The quality of a democratic life is indirectly affected by the removal of Economic and Social rights . Let's say that the economy in a particular country is bad, that is there is hardly a flow of cash in the country, the spending power has significantly been reduced or inflation has taken over etc the states now has become a breeding ground for a nationwide increase in crime rates (murders and robbery), poverty and unemployment.

When the Economy has becomes this bad the political leaders can take advantage of this situation and start making false promises just to get the electoral votes and get into power. Once they are voted into power they forget about these said promises and they might even use these political powers to their own advantages and not for the benefit of the people and the economy. We have to eventually recognize that just like civil and political rights, social and economic rights goes together and they help to build a stronger democracy.

Lastly is Cultural right and Democracy there are two types of cultural rights, the first being education and that every citizen has the right to some kind of formal learning in an institution. Learn should be free up to high school, every citizen deserves this much at least. The second cultural rights evolves the minorities in the country. The minorities of a country comes from different cultural and politically different background. With this cultural difference in the population it poses a problem for democracy in that the population is no longer a homogenous one ( the same or is use to the same kind of governmental ways) but rather a mix and diverse society.

FORCE FOR AFRICAESSAY Keywords . #Moventment2TheFuture #thatisforce #forceforafrica #RDC
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BEHIND THE SCENES

Montag, 16. Juli 2018

essay african coalition party

The Challenge

A Growing Opposition to Global Trade