THE THESIS RETROCESSION OF EMIGRATION.
The Twins Factors
This thesis Retrocession of emigration present^s questions and answers which provides detailed information about the twins economic development factors - poverty innovation- & - the new rich economics- . We will discuss here various factors that influence the differential development of identical human values. We also discuss the probabilities solutions in economic refugees impact. Listed below is a selection of those resolutions that are most frequently asked. If you are looking for a international solution about migration and you can not find answer to your question, please contact us and we'll promptly provide you with an answer.
THE TWINS FACTORS.
Loop Numeric Radio { into partial resolution fractions }
- Population growth poverty supply
- Abundance of manufacture goods
- Inequity on Distribution of manufacturing goods
- Abundance of natural resources
- Inequity on distribution of natural resources
- Transport of inequity resources
- equality forces programs
- Integration in conflicts
- Les^sence capital value
- Effiencie of force, Population zero growth poverty supply.
The thesis of Retrocession of Emigration population growth and food supply conceptualised the
growth trend of population and food supply in terms of geomatric and arithmatic rates of
growth respectively. According to him the growth rate of food production will
always lag behind the growth rate of population. When we look at the history of the growth of
world population, it is found that there was a rapid increase in population growth after the
Second World War due to mortality decline in the developing countries. This period also
coincided with periods of acute food shortages and crisis in some of the developing countries. In the food situation was acute during a large periode. As aconsequence to the food crisis, Africa adopted a new strategy for augmenting the food production in the countries. This achievement is popularly known as "Green Revolution" which, however, has not occured with same intensity in all parts of the continent.Therefore the picture emerging at the intenational level may not be true at the regional level this thesis attempts to assess the trend in foodgrain vis-à-vis population growth and poverty at the state level in Africa & America on the basis of recent dates.
2. Abundance value of manufactured goods
The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet.
Manufacturing in the Service Economy and Income Inequality
One of the critical aspects of the service economy and the changes that it will face in the future lies with how modernity and increasing global cooperation has altered the manufacturing sector.
In particular, it appears that in the United States and other developed countries, manufacturing is experiencing a shift from a traditional set of methods aimed at boosting production to something that involves many other economic factors.
These factors that are emerging as relevant to modern manufacturing in developed economies consist of innovation, productivity, and trade in contrast to simply growth and employment, and the trend towards these factors has driven manufacturing to rely more heavily on a greater degree of other services (Manyika et al.).
This change in the nature of manufacturing that has led to an increased reliance on other services and a shift away from employment has produced a number of interesting effects in the United States.
Significantly, the shift away from manufacturing’s reliance on employment to further the growth of the sector seems to have impacted the power of unions and led to the replacement of manufacturing jobs by higher-income and lower-income jobs, contributing to income inequality as a result. The state of the manufacturing sector in the US during the past 50 years is first discussed to provide background, followed by a sociological examination of how a weakening manufacturing sector contributes to income inequality.
4. Abundance of natural resources
Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Adaptation
Public lands and waters in the United States & Africa traditionally have been managed using frameworks and objectives that were established under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected climatic changes render this assumption invalid. Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review. These general principles cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts to ecosystem processes that are key to management goals; (2) using management practices to support ecosystem resilience; (3) converting barriers that may inhibit management responses into opportunities for successful implementation; and (4) promoting flexible decision making that takes into account challenges of scale and thresholds. To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states. Yet in the longer term, it is anticipated that climate change will push certain ecosystems and species beyond their capacity to recover. When managing to support resilience becomes infeasible, adaptation may require more than simply changing management practices—it may require changing management goals and managing transitions to new ecosystem states. After transitions have occurred, management will again support resilience—this time for a new ecosystem state. Thus, successful management of natural resources in the context of climate change will require recognition on the part of managers and decisions makers of the need to cycle between “managing for resilience” and “managing for change.”
Reciprocal investment change into partial growht.
This Thesis intended to demonstrate, in theory as well as empirically, how increased dependence on natural resources tends to go along with less rapid economic growth and greater inequality in the distribution of income across countries. On the other hand, public policy in support of education can simultaneously enhance equality and growth by raising the return to working in higher technology (that is, nonprimary) industries and thus counter some of the potentially adverse effects of excessive natural resource dependence. Together, these two variables "natural resources and education" can help account for the inverse relationship between inequality and growth observed in cross-country data. Moreover, the analysis highlights the role of public revenue policy. Taxes and fees can be used to reduce the attractiveness of primary-sector employment, lift the marginal productivity of capital in higher technology industries and thus increase the rate of interest and economic growth, while reducing the inequality of income and wealth.
6. Transport of inequity resources
Sustainable mobility' has been adopted as an overall objective for European transport policy, and similar intentions are expressed in other parts of the world. However, little has been done to define what ‘sustainable mobility’ would actually imply for our understanding and assessment of transport. We suspect that this much used term could merely end up acting as a lubricant to the very development it was meant to challenge: The ever increasing movement of people and goods. In this Thesis we attempt to place transport in the context of sustainable development principles. We emphasise the need to include principles of development (increasing well-being and equity) as well as sustainability (preserving natural and man-made capital). We then turn to explore the main features of transport, establishing a comprehensive transport concept. The concept combines a systems perspective with a service perspective. Omitting either one would disable a complete consideration of sustainable development. Our confrontation of the four principles with the reality of current transport trends gives rise to several critical implications. The most important of which relate to the contribution of transport to depleting natural capital and quality of life. Moreover, we are also forced to challenge the value of increasing mobility itself, if other forms of access may provide relevant substitutes. The article thereby outlines some conceptual foundations for a transport policy that could qualify as sustainable.
7. Equality forces programs
Equality in the workplace takes on the same meaning as it does in your everyday life. It is defined as treating everyone the same, regardless of their differences. Whether the difference is a person's age, race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, national origin or physical disability, he is entitled to be held in the same esteem as any of his coworkers.
8. Integration in conflicts
This Thesis investigates the determinants of the shape of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Because the world is constituted by independent political entities, international trade flows take place in a system where property rights are unsecured and RTAs should be understood as regulation mechanisms. In this theoretical framework, trade and security issues interact in the formation of RTAs, so that their determinants differ according to their level of political integration, defined by their ability to promote the negotiated settlement of conflicts. Empirical results confirm that countries more subject to interstate disputes and naturally more opened to trade are more likely to create politically integrated regional agree- ments, such as common markets or custom unions. On the contrary, international insecurity deters less integrated agreements implying a weak institutional framework, such as preferential or free trade agree- ments.
Between Conflict and Integration-Cross-Border Governance.Border governance expresses the cooperative relationships among local government entities co-existing along national borderlines in furtherance of their mutual development. The cooperative relationship can be bilateral but also multi-lateral – involving several local government entities in a border region
Local cross-border cooperation has only just begun developing in Africa. The AU adopted the African Union Convention on Cross-Border Cooperation on 14ᵗʰ June 2014. This Convention defines cross-border cooperation as “any act or policy aimed at promoting and strengthening good-neighborly relations between border populations, territorial communities and administrations or other stakeholders within the jurisdiction of two or more States, including the conclusion of agreements and arrangements useful for this purpose.” The objectives of the Convention are to promote cross-border cooperation at local, sub-regional and regional levels; seize the opportunities arising from shared borders and address the related challenges; facilitate the delimitation, demarcation and reaffirmation on intestate borders, in conformity with mechanisms agreed upon by the parties concerned; facilitate peaceful resolution of border disputes; ensure efficient and effective border management; transform border areas into catalysts for growth, socio-economic and political integration of the continent and promote peace and stability through the prevention of conflicts.
9. Les^sence capital value
I started this project in response to Demand of the high-income sustainable investing strategies and opportunities I had been writing about. A recurring theme from many readers built on the cliché response of reaching for yield. “Yes,” I was told, “you can achieve high levels of income but gains are illusory as portfolio value will inevitably suffer.” So, I decided to run an experiment using requestment of swiss sustainability process, mainly closed-end funds, in an effort to demonstrate how a portfolio of sustainable projects will deliver 17% current income for withdrawal can sustain a stable or growing capital base.
The objectives of the portfolio are contained in its title: High Income and Sustainable Capital. It is designed to provide current income at 16% of the portfolio value while maintaining a stable principal value. As such, I’ve set a target of 16% to be withdrawn as current income. Any excess is reinvested.
I anticipate some modest income growth at a rate that would meet or exceed inflation. My view was that it would come organically from capital growth. With this in mind, I’ve made occasional trades within the portfolio. Typically, this involved selling a fund to take advantage of gains generated by discount-premium movements.
Another objective was to maintain a diversified portfolio with a mix of equity and fixed-income, and a mix of domestic and global investments.
10. Effiencie of force
Objectives
Acoustic radiation force impulse. This Thesis proposed a methodology of analysis for estimating the efficiency with which the competences in matters of public and road safety are carried out. This proposal seeks to mitigate the subjectivity in the selection of variables; the partiality inherent to the productivity indicators; and the generality of the analysis in previous studies. Applying the methodology proposed to the areas of public and road safety, individually and jointly, obtaining the main conclusions: the mean pure technical efficiency of the workforces as a whole showing efficient behaviour and, in the evaluation of the disparity between behaviour by activity and the overall result, the comparative shows a high degree of similarity between the ordering of the towns in the overall analysis and in public safety. This is not extendable to the road safety service, since they differ notably in the results obtained both with the area of public safety and with the overall action of the thatisforce.
Sustainable mobility' has been adopted as an overall objective for European transport policy, and similar intentions are expressed in other parts of the world. However, little has been done to define what ‘sustainable mobility’ would actually imply for our understanding and assessment of transport. We suspect that this much used term could merely end up acting as a lubricant to the very development it was meant to challenge: The ever increasing movement of people and goods. In this Thesis we attempt to place transport in the context of sustainable development principles. We emphasise the need to include principles of development (increasing well-being and equity) as well as sustainability (preserving natural and man-made capital). We then turn to explore the main features of transport, establishing a comprehensive transport concept. The concept combines a systems perspective with a service perspective. Omitting either one would disable a complete consideration of sustainable development. Our confrontation of the four principles with the reality of current transport trends gives rise to several critical implications. The most important of which relate to the contribution of transport to depleting natural capital and quality of life. Moreover, we are also forced to challenge the value of increasing mobility itself, if other forms of access may provide relevant substitutes. The article thereby outlines some conceptual foundations for a transport policy that could qualify as sustainable.
7. Equality forces programs
Equality in the workplace takes on the same meaning as it does in your everyday life. It is defined as treating everyone the same, regardless of their differences. Whether the difference is a person's age, race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, national origin or physical disability, he is entitled to be held in the same esteem as any of his coworkers.
8. Integration in conflicts
This Thesis investigates the determinants of the shape of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Because the world is constituted by independent political entities, international trade flows take place in a system where property rights are unsecured and RTAs should be understood as regulation mechanisms. In this theoretical framework, trade and security issues interact in the formation of RTAs, so that their determinants differ according to their level of political integration, defined by their ability to promote the negotiated settlement of conflicts. Empirical results confirm that countries more subject to interstate disputes and naturally more opened to trade are more likely to create politically integrated regional agree- ments, such as common markets or custom unions. On the contrary, international insecurity deters less integrated agreements implying a weak institutional framework, such as preferential or free trade agree- ments.
Between Conflict and Integration-Cross-Border Governance.Border governance expresses the cooperative relationships among local government entities co-existing along national borderlines in furtherance of their mutual development. The cooperative relationship can be bilateral but also multi-lateral – involving several local government entities in a border region
Local cross-border cooperation has only just begun developing in Africa. The AU adopted the African Union Convention on Cross-Border Cooperation on 14ᵗʰ June 2014. This Convention defines cross-border cooperation as “any act or policy aimed at promoting and strengthening good-neighborly relations between border populations, territorial communities and administrations or other stakeholders within the jurisdiction of two or more States, including the conclusion of agreements and arrangements useful for this purpose.” The objectives of the Convention are to promote cross-border cooperation at local, sub-regional and regional levels; seize the opportunities arising from shared borders and address the related challenges; facilitate the delimitation, demarcation and reaffirmation on intestate borders, in conformity with mechanisms agreed upon by the parties concerned; facilitate peaceful resolution of border disputes; ensure efficient and effective border management; transform border areas into catalysts for growth, socio-economic and political integration of the continent and promote peace and stability through the prevention of conflicts.
9. Les^sence capital value
I started this project in response to Demand of the high-income sustainable investing strategies and opportunities I had been writing about. A recurring theme from many readers built on the cliché response of reaching for yield. “Yes,” I was told, “you can achieve high levels of income but gains are illusory as portfolio value will inevitably suffer.” So, I decided to run an experiment using requestment of swiss sustainability process, mainly closed-end funds, in an effort to demonstrate how a portfolio of sustainable projects will deliver 17% current income for withdrawal can sustain a stable or growing capital base.
The objectives of the portfolio are contained in its title: High Income and Sustainable Capital. It is designed to provide current income at 16% of the portfolio value while maintaining a stable principal value. As such, I’ve set a target of 16% to be withdrawn as current income. Any excess is reinvested.
I anticipate some modest income growth at a rate that would meet or exceed inflation. My view was that it would come organically from capital growth. With this in mind, I’ve made occasional trades within the portfolio. Typically, this involved selling a fund to take advantage of gains generated by discount-premium movements.
Another objective was to maintain a diversified portfolio with a mix of equity and fixed-income, and a mix of domestic and global investments.
10. Effiencie of force
Objectives
Acoustic radiation force impulse. This Thesis proposed a methodology of analysis for estimating the efficiency with which the competences in matters of public and road safety are carried out. This proposal seeks to mitigate the subjectivity in the selection of variables; the partiality inherent to the productivity indicators; and the generality of the analysis in previous studies. Applying the methodology proposed to the areas of public and road safety, individually and jointly, obtaining the main conclusions: the mean pure technical efficiency of the workforces as a whole showing efficient behaviour and, in the evaluation of the disparity between behaviour by activity and the overall result, the comparative shows a high degree of similarity between the ordering of the towns in the overall analysis and in public safety. This is not extendable to the road safety service, since they differ notably in the results obtained both with the area of public safety and with the overall action of the thatisforce.
Sports Defines the identity of nations - Force Identify the power of Sports.
The best ambassadors around the world realise that their job is all about succesful teamwork. Serving a variety of roles including reporting events to their government back home and negotiating with their host.
Social change happens when new ways of doing things replace old ways. Rather than putting all our efforts into stopping what we don’t want, Ghetto Beats approaches can help us discover what we want to create instead. In Ghetto Beats approach to social change, our critique of the current social, political and economic context includes the things we value about the way things are.
We create a positive vision of where we want to head and actively look for people and resources that can help us get there.
Who is breaking the ice ?
Breaking the Ice is an international non-profit foundation that brings together people from different cultures, viewpoints or sides of a conflict in the hope of overcoming the barriers of mistrust, misunderstanding and fear that are the root causes of conflict and violence in our world.
Breaking the Ice was founded by Nathaniel and other European international business professionals, who are deeply convinced that people can overcome their differences by facing challenges together. In 2004, the foundation brought eight people from Israel and the Palestinian territories together in a month-long sailing and mountain climbing expedition to Antarctica. Their journey to break the ice received the support and public endorsements of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates the Dalai Lama, Shimon Peres, Mikhail Gorbachev, Kofi Annan, and many more. Furthermore, their journey also received worldwide media coverage on channels like CNN, BBC, etc. as well as international newspapers. More than 553 million people in 59 countries and 25 languages followed the story of Breaking the Ice.
Planning the perfecte mission?
The goal of creating a strong organisation, with a unified workforce, engaged in a common mission can only be achieved when a quality two-way internal communications plan is executed.
Researching our internal communications plan. Before an ‘action plan’ an be devised, researching where the organisation currently sits is of utmost importance.For the new internal communication plan to be adopted and implemented with energy and commitment, it is important that key stakeholders are consulted. This includes employees themselves.
Our internal communications plan needs to ensure that the business problem is presented
To get buy-in into the communication strategy we must be able to answer the question everyone asks – What’s in it for me?
Ensure that internal communication planning makes room for the why. What problem or problems are we looking to solve? Why is it important?
our internal communications plan should be used to present the reasons why something has or has not happened
The right mandate Common ground- Common sense?
Ghetto Beats Organising for change… it’s the right thing to do.
Doing the right thing is not always easy but it’s always right. In our jobs and in our communities in our lives there are many things that are simply wrong.
We witness inequality, injustice and bad treatment every day of the week, whether it’s the sight of homeless people huddled on cardboard in shop fronts, families condemned to living in one room in second-rate B&Bs, elderly patients waiting on trollies in a public health service starved of resources, workers forced to labour on minimum wages chasing hours in an attempt to make a living, children turning up to school hungry… the list is endless and all too predictable. The danger is that all this becomes normal.
The day we stop noticing these inequalities is the day the other side wins, but it’s not good enough just to notice and say ‘shame’, we all need to do more than just notice, we need to make change happen – change at work, change in our communities, change in our national political system.
Mandate members will continue to shout out loud and take action, continue to stand up and fight back against injustice at work and in their communities. It’s not easy and often it puts our members and their union in harm’s way but it is the right thing to do.
Organised labour at work, organised labour politically, and organised labour in communities is the only defence we have. It offers the only real chance of defeating the regime.
We as Foundation will continue to be a vehicle for regime change. We will mobilise, educate and agitate. Our union and our members are proud of our record and make no apologies for our actions.
Our task now is to grow and encourage Mandate activist groups in every town and city in Congo. Our union is full of leaders and we have a responsibility to allow those leaders set the agenda and mobilise at work and politically.
We call on Ghetto Beats “back to the nature movement” back into iquality back into economical justice back into the social support by people for people.
THE TWINS FACTORS & THE 21 GRAMS LEANE UP THEORY RESOLUTIOS POINTS.
Beneficial mecanisme { into partial resolution fractions }
Women’s labour force participation rates have moved closer to men’s rates over the past few decades, but in every OECD country women are still less likely than men to engage in paid work. When women do work, they are more likely to do it on a part-time basis, are less likely to advance to management positions, are more likely to face discrimination, and earn less than men. The median female worker earns almost 15% less than her male counterpart, on average, across the OECD – a rate that has barely changed since 2010.
Women are less likely to be entrepreneurs, and female-owned businesses tend to earn less than male-owned ones. Gender gaps tend to increase with age, reflecting the crucial role that parenthood plays in gender equality. Much more than fatherhood, motherhood typically has sizable negative effects on workforce participation, pay and career advancement. Gender inequalities pervade public life, as well: women are underrepresented in political office, holding less than one-third of seats in lower houses of national legislatures, on average, in the OECD. Affirmative action is needed but alone is insufficient to bring about gender equality. Countries also need to invest in female leadership opportunities through for example mentoring opportunities and network supports. At the same time male role models in senior management need to drive the change in gender stereotypes and norms that continue to hamper women’s access to leadership.
2. Frame works coalitons
This Thesis reviews several recent case studies where states or countries have strengthened their protection for environmental flows to explore the key policy, stakeholder and scientific elements that contributed to these advances in ecological management. A conceptual framework is developed which helps to describe the actions of interest groups and individuals, how the environmental flow issues become part of the formal agenda of decision-makers, the events which precipitate this attention, the role of science and scientific uncertainty, and how interactions and dialogue among individuals and groups with different interests leads to changes in state and national statutes. In general, the review found that changing policies is a result of actions of informed groups of interested parties using science and information to inform both the public and decision-makers about the need for action and about the specific action needed.In almost all cases, environmental flow issues make it to the formal agenda of institutions through one or more focusing events, often legal challenges that call into question the existing legal framework for ecological management. Significantly, in almost all cases the engagement between advocacy coalitions with different and often opposing views results in reframing the issues to provide an approach or solution upon which the competing coalitions can agree.
3. financial investmens & social transactions
Rethinking impact investment: the three kays transporting solutions
Ghetto Beats impact investment: uses capital as a force for good as much as a source of financial returns.
One of the key defining characteristics of human beings is compassion – the ability to see the suffering of others and work to improve their situation. The large quantities donated to charity on a global scale every year, a number that continues to rise, stands testament to the willingness to build a more inclusive society, which has seen almost a third of the world’s population give money to charity1.
Yet, charitable donations remain negligible in the context of the total amount of money invested on a daily basis through savings and investment plans. The global value of assets under management reached $71.4 trillion in 2015 , all of which could potentially be used to generate positive social change. So why isn’t it doing just that?
Historically, investment has been founded on two key dimensions: return and risk. As a consequence, our understanding of the value created by investment has been limited to these two factors. Today, however, the Millennial generation is recognising how powerful capital can be as a tool to address some of the most pressing issues in the global society. This adds a third ‘impact’ dimension to our understanding of what makes a good investment.
Ghetto Beats Impact investment, as it has become known, is designed to mobilise capital to create positive social change through sustainable investment strategies that improve lives, create entrepreneurs and deliver returns to savers. This typically involves investing in for-profit businesses, particularly small and mid-sized companies in developing economies, where companies have a clear mission for social improvement, such as providing low-income populations with access to finance and essential services in order to reduce poverty.
In Africa, for example, solar power generation companies have developed leasing programs to supply electricity to remote areas that are not connected to the main power ‘grid’ where low-income populations cannot afford to purchase solar panels outright. The panels are provided at a cost, which ensures both investor and end-user benefit from the program.
Initiatives like these have a huge impact on local communities. By providing access to basic services and finance, they create the opportunity for entrepreneurs to increase their income, which, in turn is shown to improve the situation for the wider local community. There is a strong link, for example, between electricity consumption per capita and education levels. Better electrification is shown to reduce illiteracy and improve educational achievement . Solar power is also a cheaper, healthier and more renewable power source than kerosene.
Unlike philanthropy, impact investment doesn’t mean savers have to compromise on their return potential. In fact, including the social impact dimension into investment decisions looks increasingly compelling. A growing body of evidence suggests there is a strong relationship between all three investment dimensions - return, risk and impact. It stands to reason that a company with a strongly negative impact would struggle to survive long-term and the opposite is also true. If the business model of a company is sound and they are genuinely creating a meaningful impact, their future revenues should be well supported, especially where they are providing essential services or finance in high-growth economies. By providing financing, such as loans, to these companies, investors globally are able to achieve their goals in relation to all three investment dimensions.
The SMX microfinance index provided average returns of 3.7% per annum between the start of 2004 and the end of March 2016, and has proven to be consistently more stable than bonds or equities over that time. Investment advisory firm Cambridge Associates also found the financial performance of private impact investment funds was in line with similar funds with no social objective.
Being able to profit equally well from doing good as through two-dimensional investment strategies makes impact investment an increasingly attractive way to deploy capital. It also makes it more sustainable, both as an investment philosophy and as a force for positive societal change.
4. sustainable goals production & seals consuption
Sustainable development cannot be reached by incremental improvements; it requires a trajectory change. This implies the need to redesign not only consumer products and production infrastructures but also our daily behavioral routines and consumption patterns.
Design for sustainability (DfS) goes beyond the established approach of Design for the environment (DfE) by integrating issues of social context and human quality of life into the design brief, in addition to environmental and – of course – functional and economic aspects. Such a redesign of consumption patterns need not imply a diminished quality of life, if the efficiency potentials beyond production are systematically exploited: provision, use, and satisfaction efficiency safeguard well-being while changing the consumption trajectories.
As guidance in this process, it is useful to distinguish human needs, almost an anthropogenic constant, from the culture dependent satisfiers chosen to meet those needs: a sustainable choice is one which is socially as well as environmentally benign while equally satisfying needs.
These considerations have been used to develop SCALES, an integrative set of design principles. It embodies existing design criteria, a wide range of previously published criteria from the design for the environment, and design for sustainability literature. Applying such integrative sets of design criteria is a creativity-provoking strategy which will help designers meet the challenge of working at the interface between sustainable production and consumption.5.transparent support
We envision a world that honors and affirms the naturally occurring human experience of gender independence. Our mission is to normalize this experience through connection, support and resources.
Connecting families through locally established TransParent support groups
Supporting and encouraging parents to act on behalf of their child’s best interest
Organizing experienced and knowledgeable resources to assist families with their child’s gender journey
By fulfilling this mission we empower gender independent children to live authentically.
6. increasment equity
In essence, it captures the return a company generates on capital that is owned by the shareholders.
A company can improve its return on equity in a number of ways, but here are the five most common.
1. Use more financial leverage
Companies can finance themselves with debt and equity capital. By increasing the amount of debt capital relative to its equity capital, a company can increase its return on equity.
We'll use a (fictional) lemonade stand as an example for how the use of debt can increase a company's return on equity. I've created financial statements for this lemonade stand. The first shows a lemonade stand that is financed exclusively with equity; the second shows what happens when the company is financed by equal amounts of debt and equity.
Take particular notice of two things. First, the debt-free company earns more in after-tax profits than the second company: $13 vs. $11.05. This is due to the fact that the second company has an extra cost: pretax interest expense of $3 on its $100 of debt.
Doing the right thing is not always easy but it’s always right. In our jobs and in our communities in our lives there are many things that are simply wrong.
We witness inequality, injustice and bad treatment every day of the week, whether it’s the sight of homeless people huddled on cardboard in shop fronts, families condemned to living in one room in second-rate B&Bs, elderly patients waiting on trollies in a public health service starved of resources, workers forced to labour on minimum wages chasing hours in an attempt to make a living, children turning up to school hungry… the list is endless and all too predictable. The danger is that all this becomes normal.
The day we stop noticing these inequalities is the day the other side wins, but it’s not good enough just to notice and say ‘shame’, we all need to do more than just notice, we need to make change happen – change at work, change in our communities, change in our national political system.
Mandate members will continue to shout out loud and take action, continue to stand up and fight back against injustice at work and in their communities. It’s not easy and often it puts our members and their union in harm’s way but it is the right thing to do.
Organised labour at work, organised labour politically, and organised labour in communities is the only defence we have. It offers the only real chance of defeating the regime.
We as Foundation will continue to be a vehicle for regime change. We will mobilise, educate and agitate. Our union and our members are proud of our record and make no apologies for our actions.
Our task now is to grow and encourage Mandate activist groups in every town and city in Congo. Our union is full of leaders and we have a responsibility to allow those leaders set the agenda and mobilise at work and politically.
We call on Ghetto Beats “back to the nature movement” back into iquality back into economical justice back into the social support by people for people.
THE TWINS FACTORS & THE 21 GRAMS LEANE UP THEORY RESOLUTIOS POINTS.
Beneficial mecanisme { into partial resolution fractions }
- progress
- frame works coalitions
- financial investmens & social transactions
- sustainable goals production & seals consumption
- transparent support
- increasment equity
- abundance on natural resources
- sides & virale effects
- federal policies
- transform of diaspora in a transportable resource
- demand on rcession of emigration
Women’s labour force participation rates have moved closer to men’s rates over the past few decades, but in every OECD country women are still less likely than men to engage in paid work. When women do work, they are more likely to do it on a part-time basis, are less likely to advance to management positions, are more likely to face discrimination, and earn less than men. The median female worker earns almost 15% less than her male counterpart, on average, across the OECD – a rate that has barely changed since 2010.
Women are less likely to be entrepreneurs, and female-owned businesses tend to earn less than male-owned ones. Gender gaps tend to increase with age, reflecting the crucial role that parenthood plays in gender equality. Much more than fatherhood, motherhood typically has sizable negative effects on workforce participation, pay and career advancement. Gender inequalities pervade public life, as well: women are underrepresented in political office, holding less than one-third of seats in lower houses of national legislatures, on average, in the OECD. Affirmative action is needed but alone is insufficient to bring about gender equality. Countries also need to invest in female leadership opportunities through for example mentoring opportunities and network supports. At the same time male role models in senior management need to drive the change in gender stereotypes and norms that continue to hamper women’s access to leadership.
2. Frame works coalitons
This Thesis reviews several recent case studies where states or countries have strengthened their protection for environmental flows to explore the key policy, stakeholder and scientific elements that contributed to these advances in ecological management. A conceptual framework is developed which helps to describe the actions of interest groups and individuals, how the environmental flow issues become part of the formal agenda of decision-makers, the events which precipitate this attention, the role of science and scientific uncertainty, and how interactions and dialogue among individuals and groups with different interests leads to changes in state and national statutes. In general, the review found that changing policies is a result of actions of informed groups of interested parties using science and information to inform both the public and decision-makers about the need for action and about the specific action needed.In almost all cases, environmental flow issues make it to the formal agenda of institutions through one or more focusing events, often legal challenges that call into question the existing legal framework for ecological management. Significantly, in almost all cases the engagement between advocacy coalitions with different and often opposing views results in reframing the issues to provide an approach or solution upon which the competing coalitions can agree.
3. financial investmens & social transactions
Rethinking impact investment: the three kays transporting solutions
Ghetto Beats impact investment: uses capital as a force for good as much as a source of financial returns.
One of the key defining characteristics of human beings is compassion – the ability to see the suffering of others and work to improve their situation. The large quantities donated to charity on a global scale every year, a number that continues to rise, stands testament to the willingness to build a more inclusive society, which has seen almost a third of the world’s population give money to charity1.
Yet, charitable donations remain negligible in the context of the total amount of money invested on a daily basis through savings and investment plans. The global value of assets under management reached $71.4 trillion in 2015 , all of which could potentially be used to generate positive social change. So why isn’t it doing just that?
Historically, investment has been founded on two key dimensions: return and risk. As a consequence, our understanding of the value created by investment has been limited to these two factors. Today, however, the Millennial generation is recognising how powerful capital can be as a tool to address some of the most pressing issues in the global society. This adds a third ‘impact’ dimension to our understanding of what makes a good investment.
Ghetto Beats Impact investment, as it has become known, is designed to mobilise capital to create positive social change through sustainable investment strategies that improve lives, create entrepreneurs and deliver returns to savers. This typically involves investing in for-profit businesses, particularly small and mid-sized companies in developing economies, where companies have a clear mission for social improvement, such as providing low-income populations with access to finance and essential services in order to reduce poverty.
In Africa, for example, solar power generation companies have developed leasing programs to supply electricity to remote areas that are not connected to the main power ‘grid’ where low-income populations cannot afford to purchase solar panels outright. The panels are provided at a cost, which ensures both investor and end-user benefit from the program.
Initiatives like these have a huge impact on local communities. By providing access to basic services and finance, they create the opportunity for entrepreneurs to increase their income, which, in turn is shown to improve the situation for the wider local community. There is a strong link, for example, between electricity consumption per capita and education levels. Better electrification is shown to reduce illiteracy and improve educational achievement . Solar power is also a cheaper, healthier and more renewable power source than kerosene.
Unlike philanthropy, impact investment doesn’t mean savers have to compromise on their return potential. In fact, including the social impact dimension into investment decisions looks increasingly compelling. A growing body of evidence suggests there is a strong relationship between all three investment dimensions - return, risk and impact. It stands to reason that a company with a strongly negative impact would struggle to survive long-term and the opposite is also true. If the business model of a company is sound and they are genuinely creating a meaningful impact, their future revenues should be well supported, especially where they are providing essential services or finance in high-growth economies. By providing financing, such as loans, to these companies, investors globally are able to achieve their goals in relation to all three investment dimensions.
The SMX microfinance index provided average returns of 3.7% per annum between the start of 2004 and the end of March 2016, and has proven to be consistently more stable than bonds or equities over that time. Investment advisory firm Cambridge Associates also found the financial performance of private impact investment funds was in line with similar funds with no social objective.
Being able to profit equally well from doing good as through two-dimensional investment strategies makes impact investment an increasingly attractive way to deploy capital. It also makes it more sustainable, both as an investment philosophy and as a force for positive societal change.
4. sustainable goals production & seals consuption
Sustainable development cannot be reached by incremental improvements; it requires a trajectory change. This implies the need to redesign not only consumer products and production infrastructures but also our daily behavioral routines and consumption patterns.
Design for sustainability (DfS) goes beyond the established approach of Design for the environment (DfE) by integrating issues of social context and human quality of life into the design brief, in addition to environmental and – of course – functional and economic aspects. Such a redesign of consumption patterns need not imply a diminished quality of life, if the efficiency potentials beyond production are systematically exploited: provision, use, and satisfaction efficiency safeguard well-being while changing the consumption trajectories.
As guidance in this process, it is useful to distinguish human needs, almost an anthropogenic constant, from the culture dependent satisfiers chosen to meet those needs: a sustainable choice is one which is socially as well as environmentally benign while equally satisfying needs.
These considerations have been used to develop SCALES, an integrative set of design principles. It embodies existing design criteria, a wide range of previously published criteria from the design for the environment, and design for sustainability literature. Applying such integrative sets of design criteria is a creativity-provoking strategy which will help designers meet the challenge of working at the interface between sustainable production and consumption.5.transparent support
We envision a world that honors and affirms the naturally occurring human experience of gender independence. Our mission is to normalize this experience through connection, support and resources.
Connecting families through locally established TransParent support groups
Supporting and encouraging parents to act on behalf of their child’s best interest
Organizing experienced and knowledgeable resources to assist families with their child’s gender journey
By fulfilling this mission we empower gender independent children to live authentically.
6. increasment equity
A company can improve its return on equity in a number of ways, but here are the five most common.
1. Use more financial leverage
Companies can finance themselves with debt and equity capital. By increasing the amount of debt capital relative to its equity capital, a company can increase its return on equity.
We'll use a (fictional) lemonade stand as an example for how the use of debt can increase a company's return on equity. I've created financial statements for this lemonade stand. The first shows a lemonade stand that is financed exclusively with equity; the second shows what happens when the company is financed by equal amounts of debt and equity.
However, despite greater total profits, the first company has a lower return on equity of 6.5% compared to 11.05% for the second company. This is due to the fact that the second company has shareholder's equity of only $100 compared to $200. Thus, when you divide net income by shareholder's equity, you see that the second company has a higher ROE due to its financial leverage.
Financial leverage increases a company's return on equity so long as the after-tax cost of debt is lower than its return on equity.
Financial leverage increases a company's return on equity so long as the after-tax cost of debt is lower than its return on equity.
2. Increase profit margins
As profits are in the numerator of the return on equity ratio, increasing profits relative to equity increases a company's return on equity. Increasing profits does not necessarily have to come from selling more product. It can also come from increasing prices of each product sold, lowering the cost of goods sold, reducing its overhead expenses, or a combination of each.
To explain how profit margins affect return on equity, I've constructed financial statements for a lemonade stand before and after a price increase. The only difference in the financials for these companies is at the revenue line. The first records $100 in revenue; the second records $120 of revenue. Everything else is the same.
Notice that the company earns $13 in profits from $100 in sales before the price increase, resulting in 13% profit margins. The second generates $26 in profits on $120 in sales, and thus earns a profit margin of 21.7%.
The net result is that after increasing prices, which increases profits, the company earns a higher return on equity after raising prices (13%) than it did before the price increase (6.5%).
As profits are in the numerator of the return on equity ratio, increasing profits relative to equity increases a company's return on equity. Increasing profits does not necessarily have to come from selling more product. It can also come from increasing prices of each product sold, lowering the cost of goods sold, reducing its overhead expenses, or a combination of each.
To explain how profit margins affect return on equity, I've constructed financial statements for a lemonade stand before and after a price increase. The only difference in the financials for these companies is at the revenue line. The first records $100 in revenue; the second records $120 of revenue. Everything else is the same.
The net result is that after increasing prices, which increases profits, the company earns a higher return on equity after raising prices (13%) than it did before the price increase (6.5%).
3. Improve asset turnover
Asset turnover is a measure of a company's efficiency. You can calculate it by dividing sales by the company's total assets. In general, the more sales a company produces relative to its assets, the more profitable it should be, and the higher return on equity it should earn.
To show how this can impact return on equity, I'll use the lemonade stand example once more. The first company is an inefficient operator. It has poor inventory controls, and thus it tends to carry more inventory than it can use right now. The second company is an efficient operator which carefully plans its budgeting, and buys inventory just days in advance, allowing it to use fewer total assets to generate the same amount of sales.
Even the best and most profitable businesses will generate a low return on equity if they have a lot of excess cash on their balance sheets. This is why so many cash-rich companies with low ROEs but sound business performance become the target of activist investors.
5. Lower taxes
Who doesn't want to pay a lower tax rate? Most of corporate America does. And many are using tax strategies to help them reduce their tax rate.
In every example so far, I've used a 35% tax rate. Modifying it to 30%, 20%, or even 0% would obviously increase profits and return on equity in every single example. The lower the tax rate, the higher the profits, all else equal.
Today, low tax rates often artificially increase a company's return on equity. Many companies do business overseas, where they pay a lower tax rate than they would in the United States.
However, the difference is usually temporary. When and if a company brings its profits back to the U.S. to pay dividends or buy back shares, it will have to pay a tax rate that is consistent with the corporate average of roughly 35%. Be wary of American companies which have a lower tax rate than the corporate average. Their profits may be temporarily inflated by taxes they haven't paid, but will pay in the future.
7.abundance on natural resources
Exploring the Natural Wealth of Africa
The African continent is home to an abundance of natural resources that include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, uranium, platinum, copper, cobalt, iron, bauxite, silver, and more. In this section we will explore many aspects of these resources. We will delve into how these resources are mined and processed throughout history and in modern times, and we will discover the practical applications of the resources.
A Largely Untapped Wealth
Because Africa has had a low local human density for a long period of time, it has been colonized and the treasure trove of natural resources discovered. From West Africa to South Africa and everywhere in between there are massive quantities of natural resources contained within the continent’s interior. Even though the world is fueled by commodity consumption, there is so much natural wealth on the continent that a great deal of it is as yet unused - the deposits are so abundant that some of it has yet to be discovered. Through the years these resources have been exploited by other countries including the United States, France, Canada and the United Kingdom for various practical applications.
Limitless Potential for Application
The natural resources in Africa are used practically in many industries and in many countries every day. Industries include manufacturing, industrial, and energy, medical and infrastructure development. The natural resource economy of Africa greatly contributes to the buildings and structures constructed on the continent. Besides local use, some of the largest engineering projects are linked to the trade of resources like oil and minerals, and large quantities of natural resources are exported to other countries. Metals exported from Africa include uranium, platinum, nickel, bauxite and cobalt. Two of the most profitable mineral exports are gold and diamonds. The continent can produce close to 500 tons of gold a year and is responsible for a large percentage of the world’s diamonds.
8. sides & virale effects A positive approach to social change
Focusing on what is wrong isn’t always the most effective way to bring about social change, says Angel Bashile. Building on our strengths can create much better results – both for small, local improvements as well as for international issues such as climate changeSocial movements, including those opposing globalisation, environmental destruction and racism, typically start with a problem; a sense that things aren’t right and that change is needed. Often, they are fed by anger at the injustice, the violence or the environmental destruction surrounding us. They are often premised on struggle and resistance.
In 2014, I was ready to become involved in creations of social change again. A few years earlier I had become immersed in strengths-based approaches to working with communities and wanted to explore this approach in the context of social change.
The Transition movement offered this possibility. It addresses some of the big environmental challenges we face – including climate change, our addiction to oil, the skewed economy and the myth of endless expansion – by creating alternative visions for communities and starting practical projects that help get there.
It sees the crisis we face as an “opportunity for doing something different, something extraordinary”.
The aim of Transition is to help us be the catalyst in your community for an historic push to make where you live more resilient, healthier and bursting with strong local livelihoods, while also reducing its ecological footprint.
“A strengths-based approach is not blind optimism or looking at the world through rose-coloured glasses. We don’t ignore problems, or pretend they don’t exist, but see them within a broader context.”
The Transition movement is an example of a strengths-based approach to social change. Rather than focusing on all the barriers we face in creating more sustainable communities, it focuses on opportunities and potential. Ghetto Beats g attempt to create the change they want to see.
Adopting a strengths-based approach to social change can feel a bit like walking a tightrope. If, generally, social change movements critique how things are and challenge the status quo, strengths-based approaches look for, and focus on, strengths and opportunities. Social change movements have a tendency to rely on conflict and confrontation, while strengths-based approaches essentially rely on cooperation and collaboration.
Ghetto Beats approaches are based on the belief that everyone and all communities have skills and strengths, and that change is more likely and more sustainable when we focus on these strengths and possibilities rather than focusing on problems and challenges.
Ghetto Beats approaches recognise that people are the experts of their own situations and people working with them – Asset-based community-driven development starts with communities identifying their assets. This includes the skills and passions of individuals, voluntary community groups like local sports clubs, and their physical and economic resources. They then explore ways of building connections between them.
Ghetto Beats approach is not blind optimism or looking at the world through rose-coloured glasses. We don’t ignore problems, or pretend they don’t exist, but see them within a broader context. Change is dependent on using available strengths and resources. We make a conscious decision to focus on strengths coperations:
C – competencies, capacities, courage, creativity and character
P – promise, positive expectations, purpose, possibility and potential
R – resources, resilience, relationships, resolve, and reserves.
To take the metaphor of a half-full/half-empty glass, you might say that social change starts with the half-empty part of the glass (what is missing), while a strengths-based approach starts with the half-full part (what we have to work with).
When adopting Ghetto Beats approach, particularly in social and community work, there is a danger that we might reinforce neoliberal notions of individual responsibility – problems are due to the limitations of individuals and communities.
Unless we’re careful we may not pay enough attention to the broad political and social context, we might gloss over structural issues (such as the way in which economic inequality is perpetuated) and avoid conflict between competing interests. Strengths-based approaches therefore need the more critical input of social change movements and it is essential they have social justice at the heart of their work.
But social change movements can also learn from Ghetto Beats approaches. Social change happens when new ways of doing things replace old ways. Rather than putting all our efforts into stopping what we don’t want, strengths-based approaches can help us discover what we want to create instead. In a strengths-based approach to social change, our critique of the current social, political and economic context includes the things we value about the way things are.
We create a positive vision of where we want to head and actively look for people and resources that can help us get there.
Looking at big social issues like climate change, discrimination and poverty can be overwhelming. It can be hard to know where to start, and focusing purely on the problem can make it seem insurmountable. By noticing exceptions to the dominant way of doing things, looking for examples of what is working and creating an alternative vision, possibilities can start to emerge that assist us to move forward. We can see this approach in the sharing economy which challenges our current economic system by offering alternatives. It’s also much easier to retain our energy and sense of optimism in long-term campaigns when we are conscious of signs of hope and change.
The questions we ask, the language we use, and the images we create have a large influence on how we see people and situations. Asking “What is wrong with our community?” will produce quite different answers to asking, “What would our ideal community be like?” Similarly, think of the different images created by talking about ‘illegal immigrants’ rather than ‘families seeking safety and refuge,’ or discussing ‘collateral damage’ vs the ‘death of innocent civilians.’ A strengths-based approach means that we also think carefully about our how we view, and talk about, the people who disagree with us.
A strengths-based approach can help us imagine the transformation we want to see; it can help us find the things we love in the world as well as the things that need to change; and it can help us start creating a new way of being that is consistent with our vision.
9. federal policies
The federal government influences innovation through two broad channels: spending and tax policies, and the legal and regulatory systems. Policymakers could spur additional innovation by increasing funding for federal programs that support research and development, increasing funding on education, providing greater tax incentives for R&D, increasing loans or loan guarantees for firms that produce innovative technologies, or making changes to immigration policies, the patent system, and the regulatory regime.
10. transform of diaspora in a transportable resource
Charities Aid Foundation’s World Giving Index estimates that if Africa’s middle-class joined the rest of the world’s middle classes to give 0.5 per cent of their spending, the continent and the rest of the world would have $319 billion in resources for civil society organizations annually by 2030.
Indeed, it is the African diaspora and Africa’s middle-class that are the missing pieces needed to transform philanthropy in Africa and unlock the path towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Philanthropy in Africa needs to catch up with the role that small donations play in transforming our communities. We have too-quickly accepted that philanthropy must be channeled via specific kinds of institutional arrangements or particular organizations.
Yet, philanthropy represents a voluntary donation, and every day, millions of migrants and middle-class families provide funds directly to their family, relatives and acquaintances voluntarily, and thus, are engaging in a form of philanthropy.
In most instances, middle-class philanthropy happens under the radar, unnoticed or unidentifiable. So are remittances made through informal channels that reach communities across the continent.
Those who send funds to support family and friends do not count themselves as benefactors, yet their contribution plays a significant role in transforming their principal recipients and extended networks.
For instance, two million Somalis abroad send home $1.4 billion, the equivalent to 23 per cent of the country’s GDP, and higher than any amount of foreign aid. Overall, African diaspora’s contribution amounts to $63 billion per year. Communities use it for education, homebuilding, land purchases and farm improvements, all critical enablers of social transformation.
We cannot ignore the philanthropic potential of their contributions. Imagine if the African diaspora redirected $315 million or 0.5 per cent of their annual transfers, to civil society organizations.
The real value, though, lies in reducing the transfer costs, that is the fees charged for funds to reach communities, which amounted to $16 billion in 2014. The commitment to reduce fees by 2030 from 11.5 per cent to 3 per cent is a positive step. It will save a lot of funds that can be directed from the diaspora into charitable giving to attain the SDGs.
The philanthropy of a few prominent African billionaires and millionaires are often cited as the primary solution. However, on a continent set to house the largest youth contingent in the world, it is in our interest to make Africa’s middle-class the engine of economic transformation.
As such, there is value in creating mechanisms for Africans to commit resources to their communities as some commit to their churches. Laws and norms of our societies should govern the evolution of philanthropy in Africa. African civil societies should play a critical role in reframing the debate to secure new sources of funding.
The onus is on us. If Africa’s middle-class can earmark funds of, say, between $1,000 to $10,000 per year for civil society organizations, the impact will be huge.
For instance, more investments in women entrepreneurs, like a clothing trader named Teresia, who works on the Uganda-Kenya border are required. Teresia and many other women manage $20,000 or more in working capital per year.
They do not need microfinance. Their businesses could grow even more from just $10,000 or more in philanthropic investment from the middle class.
Philanthropy should not be limited to select groups of people with large sums of money. There is often a gap that the middle-class can fill. The diaspora is contributing to individuals, but can do so more effectively and differently now.
We cannot afford to ‘lose the middle’ if philanthropy in Africa is to become a real impact-driven force across its fifty-four countries.
11.demand on retrocession of emigration
International migration:
In the literal sense of the word, migration refers to a long-term transfer of residence. In classical economic theory, regional mobility of labour plays a central role in the functioning of a market economy. In terms of development policy, migration was initially rather a matter of national mobility (migration from the countryside to urban areas). In the context of globalisation, we are increasingly talking about international migration of labour from countries with an excess of labour to countries with a lack of manpower, or to countries in which better living standards and perspectives are envisaged.
Reasons for migration (and flight) .
Theory talks about economic migration (in contrast to flight) when there is a voluntary move for economic reasons. In practice, however, the distinction between migration and flight is less clear: inescapable pres- sure and complete freedom of choice are actually just the two extremes to the same continuum. In most cases, a combination of various motivations is at stake. In coun- tries with tough political and economic conditions, people’s desire to migrate is generally very strong. And within these states, opportunities to migrate are greater as you move up on the distribution of wealth : households that are better off are more likely to be in a position to shoulder higher migration costs as well as the im- plied risks.
Extent of economic migration .
The vast majority of economic migration takes place within national borders (inter- nal migration). According to UN estimates, there were 244 million international mi- grants in 2015. While the largest propor- tion of these people migrated to countries with a similar level of development, only 10% of international migrants originated from lower-income countries. Of these, only a quarter (i.e. 2.5% of all international migrants) headed for a highly developed country.
Net effects clearly positive for destina- tion countries so far .
Contrary to popular misconceptions, the inward flow of migrants usually has posi- tive net effects for the destination coun- tries. Some facts:
Asset turnover is a measure of a company's efficiency. You can calculate it by dividing sales by the company's total assets. In general, the more sales a company produces relative to its assets, the more profitable it should be, and the higher return on equity it should earn.
To show how this can impact return on equity, I'll use the lemonade stand example once more. The first company is an inefficient operator. It has poor inventory controls, and thus it tends to carry more inventory than it can use right now. The second company is an efficient operator which carefully plans its budgeting, and buys inventory just days in advance, allowing it to use fewer total assets to generate the same amount of sales.
The lemonade stands have asset turnover ratios of 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. Not surprisingly, the second company also has a higher return on equity of 13%, compared to 6.5% for its less efficient rival.
4. Distribute idle cash
This is becoming a common problem among corporate giants, particularly those in the technology industry: idle cash in excess of what the business needs to continue operations reduces the apparent profitability of the company when measured by return on equity.
Distributing idle cash to shareholders is effectively a way to leverage a company, and boost its return on equity. To demonstrate, I'll use the lemonade stand example, with and without idle cash on the balance sheet.
The only difference in this example is how much idle cash is sitting on the balance sheet. When cash piles up on a company's balance sheet, it can drag down a company's return on equity. This is why it's very important to consider a company's financial leverage when analyzing a company's return on equity.4. Distribute idle cash
This is becoming a common problem among corporate giants, particularly those in the technology industry: idle cash in excess of what the business needs to continue operations reduces the apparent profitability of the company when measured by return on equity.
Distributing idle cash to shareholders is effectively a way to leverage a company, and boost its return on equity. To demonstrate, I'll use the lemonade stand example, with and without idle cash on the balance sheet.
Even the best and most profitable businesses will generate a low return on equity if they have a lot of excess cash on their balance sheets. This is why so many cash-rich companies with low ROEs but sound business performance become the target of activist investors.
5. Lower taxes
Who doesn't want to pay a lower tax rate? Most of corporate America does. And many are using tax strategies to help them reduce their tax rate.
In every example so far, I've used a 35% tax rate. Modifying it to 30%, 20%, or even 0% would obviously increase profits and return on equity in every single example. The lower the tax rate, the higher the profits, all else equal.
Today, low tax rates often artificially increase a company's return on equity. Many companies do business overseas, where they pay a lower tax rate than they would in the United States.
However, the difference is usually temporary. When and if a company brings its profits back to the U.S. to pay dividends or buy back shares, it will have to pay a tax rate that is consistent with the corporate average of roughly 35%. Be wary of American companies which have a lower tax rate than the corporate average. Their profits may be temporarily inflated by taxes they haven't paid, but will pay in the future.
7.abundance on natural resources
Exploring the Natural Wealth of Africa
The African continent is home to an abundance of natural resources that include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, uranium, platinum, copper, cobalt, iron, bauxite, silver, and more. In this section we will explore many aspects of these resources. We will delve into how these resources are mined and processed throughout history and in modern times, and we will discover the practical applications of the resources.
A Largely Untapped Wealth
Because Africa has had a low local human density for a long period of time, it has been colonized and the treasure trove of natural resources discovered. From West Africa to South Africa and everywhere in between there are massive quantities of natural resources contained within the continent’s interior. Even though the world is fueled by commodity consumption, there is so much natural wealth on the continent that a great deal of it is as yet unused - the deposits are so abundant that some of it has yet to be discovered. Through the years these resources have been exploited by other countries including the United States, France, Canada and the United Kingdom for various practical applications.
Limitless Potential for Application
The natural resources in Africa are used practically in many industries and in many countries every day. Industries include manufacturing, industrial, and energy, medical and infrastructure development. The natural resource economy of Africa greatly contributes to the buildings and structures constructed on the continent. Besides local use, some of the largest engineering projects are linked to the trade of resources like oil and minerals, and large quantities of natural resources are exported to other countries. Metals exported from Africa include uranium, platinum, nickel, bauxite and cobalt. Two of the most profitable mineral exports are gold and diamonds. The continent can produce close to 500 tons of gold a year and is responsible for a large percentage of the world’s diamonds.
8. sides & virale effects A positive approach to social change
Focusing on what is wrong isn’t always the most effective way to bring about social change, says Angel Bashile. Building on our strengths can create much better results – both for small, local improvements as well as for international issues such as climate changeSocial movements, including those opposing globalisation, environmental destruction and racism, typically start with a problem; a sense that things aren’t right and that change is needed. Often, they are fed by anger at the injustice, the violence or the environmental destruction surrounding us. They are often premised on struggle and resistance.
In 2014, I was ready to become involved in creations of social change again. A few years earlier I had become immersed in strengths-based approaches to working with communities and wanted to explore this approach in the context of social change.
The Transition movement offered this possibility. It addresses some of the big environmental challenges we face – including climate change, our addiction to oil, the skewed economy and the myth of endless expansion – by creating alternative visions for communities and starting practical projects that help get there.
It sees the crisis we face as an “opportunity for doing something different, something extraordinary”.
The aim of Transition is to help us be the catalyst in your community for an historic push to make where you live more resilient, healthier and bursting with strong local livelihoods, while also reducing its ecological footprint.
“A strengths-based approach is not blind optimism or looking at the world through rose-coloured glasses. We don’t ignore problems, or pretend they don’t exist, but see them within a broader context.”
The Transition movement is an example of a strengths-based approach to social change. Rather than focusing on all the barriers we face in creating more sustainable communities, it focuses on opportunities and potential. Ghetto Beats g attempt to create the change they want to see.
Adopting a strengths-based approach to social change can feel a bit like walking a tightrope. If, generally, social change movements critique how things are and challenge the status quo, strengths-based approaches look for, and focus on, strengths and opportunities. Social change movements have a tendency to rely on conflict and confrontation, while strengths-based approaches essentially rely on cooperation and collaboration.
Ghetto Beats approaches are based on the belief that everyone and all communities have skills and strengths, and that change is more likely and more sustainable when we focus on these strengths and possibilities rather than focusing on problems and challenges.
Ghetto Beats approaches recognise that people are the experts of their own situations and people working with them – Asset-based community-driven development starts with communities identifying their assets. This includes the skills and passions of individuals, voluntary community groups like local sports clubs, and their physical and economic resources. They then explore ways of building connections between them.
Ghetto Beats approach is not blind optimism or looking at the world through rose-coloured glasses. We don’t ignore problems, or pretend they don’t exist, but see them within a broader context. Change is dependent on using available strengths and resources. We make a conscious decision to focus on strengths coperations:
C – competencies, capacities, courage, creativity and character
P – promise, positive expectations, purpose, possibility and potential
R – resources, resilience, relationships, resolve, and reserves.
To take the metaphor of a half-full/half-empty glass, you might say that social change starts with the half-empty part of the glass (what is missing), while a strengths-based approach starts with the half-full part (what we have to work with).
When adopting Ghetto Beats approach, particularly in social and community work, there is a danger that we might reinforce neoliberal notions of individual responsibility – problems are due to the limitations of individuals and communities.
Unless we’re careful we may not pay enough attention to the broad political and social context, we might gloss over structural issues (such as the way in which economic inequality is perpetuated) and avoid conflict between competing interests. Strengths-based approaches therefore need the more critical input of social change movements and it is essential they have social justice at the heart of their work.
But social change movements can also learn from Ghetto Beats approaches. Social change happens when new ways of doing things replace old ways. Rather than putting all our efforts into stopping what we don’t want, strengths-based approaches can help us discover what we want to create instead. In a strengths-based approach to social change, our critique of the current social, political and economic context includes the things we value about the way things are.
We create a positive vision of where we want to head and actively look for people and resources that can help us get there.
Looking at big social issues like climate change, discrimination and poverty can be overwhelming. It can be hard to know where to start, and focusing purely on the problem can make it seem insurmountable. By noticing exceptions to the dominant way of doing things, looking for examples of what is working and creating an alternative vision, possibilities can start to emerge that assist us to move forward. We can see this approach in the sharing economy which challenges our current economic system by offering alternatives. It’s also much easier to retain our energy and sense of optimism in long-term campaigns when we are conscious of signs of hope and change.
The questions we ask, the language we use, and the images we create have a large influence on how we see people and situations. Asking “What is wrong with our community?” will produce quite different answers to asking, “What would our ideal community be like?” Similarly, think of the different images created by talking about ‘illegal immigrants’ rather than ‘families seeking safety and refuge,’ or discussing ‘collateral damage’ vs the ‘death of innocent civilians.’ A strengths-based approach means that we also think carefully about our how we view, and talk about, the people who disagree with us.
A strengths-based approach can help us imagine the transformation we want to see; it can help us find the things we love in the world as well as the things that need to change; and it can help us start creating a new way of being that is consistent with our vision.
9. federal policies
The federal government influences innovation through two broad channels: spending and tax policies, and the legal and regulatory systems. Policymakers could spur additional innovation by increasing funding for federal programs that support research and development, increasing funding on education, providing greater tax incentives for R&D, increasing loans or loan guarantees for firms that produce innovative technologies, or making changes to immigration policies, the patent system, and the regulatory regime.
10. transform of diaspora in a transportable resource
Charities Aid Foundation’s World Giving Index estimates that if Africa’s middle-class joined the rest of the world’s middle classes to give 0.5 per cent of their spending, the continent and the rest of the world would have $319 billion in resources for civil society organizations annually by 2030.
Indeed, it is the African diaspora and Africa’s middle-class that are the missing pieces needed to transform philanthropy in Africa and unlock the path towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Philanthropy in Africa needs to catch up with the role that small donations play in transforming our communities. We have too-quickly accepted that philanthropy must be channeled via specific kinds of institutional arrangements or particular organizations.
Yet, philanthropy represents a voluntary donation, and every day, millions of migrants and middle-class families provide funds directly to their family, relatives and acquaintances voluntarily, and thus, are engaging in a form of philanthropy.
In most instances, middle-class philanthropy happens under the radar, unnoticed or unidentifiable. So are remittances made through informal channels that reach communities across the continent.
Those who send funds to support family and friends do not count themselves as benefactors, yet their contribution plays a significant role in transforming their principal recipients and extended networks.
For instance, two million Somalis abroad send home $1.4 billion, the equivalent to 23 per cent of the country’s GDP, and higher than any amount of foreign aid. Overall, African diaspora’s contribution amounts to $63 billion per year. Communities use it for education, homebuilding, land purchases and farm improvements, all critical enablers of social transformation.
We cannot ignore the philanthropic potential of their contributions. Imagine if the African diaspora redirected $315 million or 0.5 per cent of their annual transfers, to civil society organizations.
The real value, though, lies in reducing the transfer costs, that is the fees charged for funds to reach communities, which amounted to $16 billion in 2014. The commitment to reduce fees by 2030 from 11.5 per cent to 3 per cent is a positive step. It will save a lot of funds that can be directed from the diaspora into charitable giving to attain the SDGs.
The philanthropy of a few prominent African billionaires and millionaires are often cited as the primary solution. However, on a continent set to house the largest youth contingent in the world, it is in our interest to make Africa’s middle-class the engine of economic transformation.
As such, there is value in creating mechanisms for Africans to commit resources to their communities as some commit to their churches. Laws and norms of our societies should govern the evolution of philanthropy in Africa. African civil societies should play a critical role in reframing the debate to secure new sources of funding.
The onus is on us. If Africa’s middle-class can earmark funds of, say, between $1,000 to $10,000 per year for civil society organizations, the impact will be huge.
For instance, more investments in women entrepreneurs, like a clothing trader named Teresia, who works on the Uganda-Kenya border are required. Teresia and many other women manage $20,000 or more in working capital per year.
They do not need microfinance. Their businesses could grow even more from just $10,000 or more in philanthropic investment from the middle class.
Philanthropy should not be limited to select groups of people with large sums of money. There is often a gap that the middle-class can fill. The diaspora is contributing to individuals, but can do so more effectively and differently now.
We cannot afford to ‘lose the middle’ if philanthropy in Africa is to become a real impact-driven force across its fifty-four countries.
11.demand on retrocession of emigration
International migration:
In the literal sense of the word, migration refers to a long-term transfer of residence. In classical economic theory, regional mobility of labour plays a central role in the functioning of a market economy. In terms of development policy, migration was initially rather a matter of national mobility (migration from the countryside to urban areas). In the context of globalisation, we are increasingly talking about international migration of labour from countries with an excess of labour to countries with a lack of manpower, or to countries in which better living standards and perspectives are envisaged.
Reasons for migration (and flight) .
Theory talks about economic migration (in contrast to flight) when there is a voluntary move for economic reasons. In practice, however, the distinction between migration and flight is less clear: inescapable pres- sure and complete freedom of choice are actually just the two extremes to the same continuum. In most cases, a combination of various motivations is at stake. In coun- tries with tough political and economic conditions, people’s desire to migrate is generally very strong. And within these states, opportunities to migrate are greater as you move up on the distribution of wealth : households that are better off are more likely to be in a position to shoulder higher migration costs as well as the im- plied risks.
Extent of economic migration .
The vast majority of economic migration takes place within national borders (inter- nal migration). According to UN estimates, there were 244 million international mi- grants in 2015. While the largest propor- tion of these people migrated to countries with a similar level of development, only 10% of international migrants originated from lower-income countries. Of these, only a quarter (i.e. 2.5% of all international migrants) headed for a highly developed country.
Net effects clearly positive for destina- tion countries so far .
Contrary to popular misconceptions, the inward flow of migrants usually has posi- tive net effects for the destination coun- tries. Some facts:
Destination countries often have a relative shortage of labour. Migrants increase the labour pool and therefore enable further economic growth.
Economic migrants on average pay more into the fiscal and social system that they receive from it and are there- fore not economic “freeloaders” on balance.
Economic migrants have a positive impact on the age structure of the population and therefore reduce the problematic effects of demographic change on public social systems.
Well-educated economic migrants have a positive quantitative and quali- tative (diversification) effect on human capital and can provide new impetus for innovation and technical develop- ment.
Less-qualified migrants often fill gaps in less attractive industries and can compensate a growing shortage of specialist workers through training programmes.
Net effects for countries of origin cur- rently less clear
Turning to the countries of origin, the ef- fects are more mixed: on one hand, these countries suffer an economic loss through the emigration of the most educated indi- viduals with the highest incomes (“brain drain”). This, however, also may imply a variety of corresponding advantages
Migrants generally continue to maintain.
close ties to their families in their coun- tries of origin and often support them financially. These transfers (“remit- tances”) add up to twice as much as the total official development assis- tance provided.
Many migrants are also involved in diaspora groups promoting the devel- opment of their homelands. Some may also later return to their countries of
origin with qualifications they have earned abroad. The example set by successful mi-
grants provides incentives to invest more in education to increase chances
to migrate. Still, a large number of well- educated workers then decides not to migrate. This may create a positive net education effect for the countries of origin.
Under what circumstances are win-win solutions possible?
International economic migration between north and south can therefore be in the interests of both the destinations and the countries of origin. In some unfortunate cases, though, migration can also have disadvantages for both. From the perspectives of the destination countries, limits on economic absorption and social integration capacity must not be exceeded. For the countries of origin, on the other hand, remittances and positive transfer effects through the diaspora, as well as a high proportion of people returning with qualifications, are important factors for positive outcomes. Win-win situations arise above all when the net immigration to destination countries is managed flexibly and in accordance with requirements, while also reinforcing the bonds of the migrants to their homelands, for instance by making it easier to transfer money home, supporting diaspora groups, providing training to migrants and encouraging temporary migration (without any pressure to return home). The number of people wishing to migrate currently exceeds the absorption capacity of destination countries significantly. The pressure to migrate can be mitigated by certain instruments of development policy, particularly by promoting good governance and taking steps to reduce the international gap in prosperity. Neither are likely to be achieved in the short term.■
win-win solutions for countries of origin and destination
Congo the Power to the people.
While parliament passes new legislation and amendments to existing legislation, citizens can call for a referendum on new laws and against certain international treaties. This right to request an optional referendum is an important element in direct democracy.
Less-qualified migrants often fill gaps in less attractive industries and can compensate a growing shortage of specialist workers through training programmes.
Net effects for countries of origin cur- rently less clear
Turning to the countries of origin, the ef- fects are more mixed: on one hand, these countries suffer an economic loss through the emigration of the most educated indi- viduals with the highest incomes (“brain drain”). This, however, also may imply a variety of corresponding advantages
Migrants generally continue to maintain.
close ties to their families in their coun- tries of origin and often support them financially. These transfers (“remit- tances”) add up to twice as much as the total official development assis- tance provided.
Many migrants are also involved in diaspora groups promoting the devel- opment of their homelands. Some may also later return to their countries of
origin with qualifications they have earned abroad. The example set by successful mi-
grants provides incentives to invest more in education to increase chances
to migrate. Still, a large number of well- educated workers then decides not to migrate. This may create a positive net education effect for the countries of origin.
Under what circumstances are win-win solutions possible?
International economic migration between north and south can therefore be in the interests of both the destinations and the countries of origin. In some unfortunate cases, though, migration can also have disadvantages for both. From the perspectives of the destination countries, limits on economic absorption and social integration capacity must not be exceeded. For the countries of origin, on the other hand, remittances and positive transfer effects through the diaspora, as well as a high proportion of people returning with qualifications, are important factors for positive outcomes. Win-win situations arise above all when the net immigration to destination countries is managed flexibly and in accordance with requirements, while also reinforcing the bonds of the migrants to their homelands, for instance by making it easier to transfer money home, supporting diaspora groups, providing training to migrants and encouraging temporary migration (without any pressure to return home). The number of people wishing to migrate currently exceeds the absorption capacity of destination countries significantly. The pressure to migrate can be mitigated by certain instruments of development policy, particularly by promoting good governance and taking steps to reduce the international gap in prosperity. Neither are likely to be achieved in the short term.■
win-win solutions for countries of origin and destination
Congo the Power to the people.
While parliament passes new legislation and amendments to existing legislation, citizens can call for a referendum on new laws and against certain international treaties. This right to request an optional referendum is an important element in direct democracy.
2018 African election calendar REFERENDUM
| Country | Election | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Burundi | Costitutional referendum | May 2018 |
| Cameroon | President | Oct 2018 |
| Chad | National Assembly & local | 2018 |
| Djibouti | National Assembly | 23 Feb 2018 |
| DRC | President, legislative & provincial | 23 Dec 2018 |
| Egypt | President | 1st rnd: 26-28 Mar 2018 2nd rnd: 24-26 Apr 2018 |
| Ethiopia | Regional State Councils & local | 2018 |
| House of the Federation (indirect) | 2018 | |
| Gabon | National Assembly | By 20 Apr 2018 |
| Gambia | Municipal elections | 12 Apr 2018 |
| Guinea | Local | 4 Feb 2018 |
| National Assembly | Sep 2018 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | National People's Assembly | Apr (?) 2018 |
| Libya | Parliament | Sep 2018 |
| Madagascar | Provincial & regional | Postponed from 2017 to 2018 |
| President and Parliament | Nov or Dec 2018 | |
| Mali | Local and communal | Apr 2018 (postponed from 17 Dec 2017) |
| President | Jul 2018 | |
| National Assembly | Nov 2018 | |
| Mauritania | National Assembly | Nov or Dec 2018 |
| Mauritius | President (indirect) | 2018 |
| Niger | Local | Postponed from 8 Jan 2017 to 2018 |
| Rwanda | Chamber of Deputies | Sep 2018 |
| São Tomé & Príncipe | National Assembly, Regional & Local | Aug 2018 |
| Sierra Leone | President, House of Representatives & Local | 7 Mar 2018 |
| Constitutional referendum | Postponed from Sep 2017 to 2018 | |
| South Sudan | President, National Legislative Assembly, Regional & Local | Jul (by 31 Dec) 2018 |
| Swaziland | House of Assembly& Tinkhundla | Sept 2018 |
| Togo | National Assembly & Local | Jun or Jul 2018 |
| Zimbabwe | Presidential,Parliamentary, Senate & local elections | Jul (by 31 Jul) 2018 |
